Download NURSING 3100 BASIC WITH SOLUTIONS and more Exams Medicine in PDF only on Docsity!
NURSING 3100 BASIC WITH SOLUTIONS
AccessMedicine - ANSWERS-available through UConn Library Nursing Database; provides access to medical and scientific textbooks www.cdc.gov - ANSWERS-online resource for vaccines and infectious disease www.choosemyplate.gov - ANSWERS-online resource supported by the USGA for diet and nutrition recommendations www.nih.gov - ANSWERS-online resource of the National Institutes of Health. Provides information on multiple health topics PRAXIS - ANSWERS-the philosophy of the SON at UConn p in praxis - ANSWERS-professionalism in behavior, presentation, and conduct r in praxis - ANSWERS-respect for others, richness, and diversity a in praxis - ANSWERS-accountability for actions x in praxis - ANSWERS-excellence in research, practice, teaching, and service
i in praxis - ANSWERS-integrity and inquisitiveness s in praxis - ANSWERS-service to students, the profession and community the nursing process - ANSWERS-a systematic approach used to develop critical thinking skills in the nursing care of patients/families/ communities assessment, nursing diagnosis/analysis, planning, implementation, evaluation - ANSWERS-steps of the nursing process in order patient's blood glucose level - ANSWERS-important nursing consideration when administering medications for diabetes hypoglycemia - ANSWERS-blood sugar falls below 60-70 mg/dl and can be life threatening if <50 mg/dl symptoms of hypoglycemia - ANSWERS-tremor, anxiety, palpitations, sweating, and hunger symptoms of hypoglycemia lower than 50 mg/dl - ANSWERS- impaired cognition, along with weakness, lethargy, confusion,
Levothyroxine - ANSWERS-drug of choice for hypothyroidism poor GI absorption of Levothyroxine - ANSWERS-common and usually due to foods/supplements/medications containing calcium or iron DEXA bone density - ANSWERS-used to diagnose osteoporosis osteoporosis t-score - ANSWERS-t-score <- 2. normal t-score - ANSWERS-t-score >-1. osteopenia t-score - ANSWERS-t-score between -1.0 and -2. Bisphosphonates - ANSWERS-drugs most commonly used to treat osteoporosis, sometimes for osteopenia severe esophagitis - ANSWERS-this is associated with bisphosphonates if taken incorrectly alendronate [Fosamax] - ANSWERS-most commonly used medication used for osteoporosis
fracture and subsequent disability - ANSWERS-concern with osteoporosis prevention of osteoporosis - ANSWERS-includes weight bearing exercise and calcium supplementation; 1200 mg of calcium with vitamin D daily GI system - ANSWERS-starts at the mouth and ends at the anus accessory organs of the GI tract - ANSWERS-liver, gallbladder and pancreas salivary glands - ANSWERS-the mouth contains this to produce saliva and enzymes (alpha-amylase) which begin the digestive process esophagus - ANSWERS-conveys chewed food to the stomach lower esophageal sphincter (LES) - ANSWERS-prevents backward flow of stomach products into the esophagus layers of the GI tract - ANSWERS-mucosal layer, serosa, muscalaris, submucosa mucosal layer - ANSWERS-innermost and contains the mucous epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae
small intestine - ANSWERS-where absorption of digested food occurs villi - ANSWERS-line the small intestine increasing the surface area for absorption duodenum, jejunum and ileum - ANSWERS-contained in the small intestine Treitz ligament - ANSWERS-separates the duodenum from the jejunum ileocecal valve - ANSWERS-separates ileum from the large intestine bile - ANSWERS-produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, is released into the small intestine in the presence of fat to aid in digestion (emulsify) of fats colon/large intestine - ANSWERS-absorbs water and electrolytes minimal - ANSWERS-absorption of nutrients in large intestine 1500 mL - ANSWERS-amount of fluid that enters colon each day
90% - ANSWERS-percent of fluid absorbed in large intestine delayed transport through colon - ANSWERS-causes excessive fluid absorption and hard stool frequency of bowel elimination - ANSWERS-varies widely (from 2 to 3 times per day to 2 times per week) enteric plexus - ANSWERS-intrinsic nerves that allow for secretion, sensation, motility, and blood flow in the GI tract liver - ANSWERS-composed of hepatocytes; produces bile and cholesterol bile salts - ANSWERS-conjugated bile acids that aid in absorption of fat and are made of cholesterol (most common type of gallstone) bilirubin - ANSWERS-component of bile which results from the action of Kupffer cells that destroy aged RBCs Kupffer cells - ANSWERS-important in lipid metabolism and liver injury acting like macrophages cirrhosis - ANSWERS-occurs when hepatocytes are damaged and fibrous scarring results
vomiting - ANSWERS-results primarily in evacuation of the gastric contents and reflects the coordinated interaction of neural, humoral, and muscular phenomena nausea - ANSWERS-the sensation that vomiting is imminent ondansetron [Zofran] - ANSWERS-serotonin receptor antagonist first approved for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) also used to prevent nausea and vomiting associated with radiotherapy and anesthesia blocks type 3 serotonin receptors on afferent vagal nerve more effective when used with dexamthasone Adverse effects: Headache, diarrhea, dizziness, prolonged QT interval, risk of torsades de pointes prochlorperazine [Compazine] - ANSWERS-dopamine antagonist phenothiazines (antipsychotic) blocks dopamine receptors in CTZ
surgery, cancer, chemotherapy, and toxins use in children (not before/after surgery risk of neuroleptic malignant syndrome, seizures) side effects: extrapyramidal reactions, anticholinergic effects, hypotension and sedation metaclopramide [Reglan] - ANSWERS-blocks dopamine receptors in CTZ postoperative nausea/vomiting, anticancer drug, opioids, toxins, radiation therapy cannabinoids - ANSWERS-Dronabinol [Marinol] and nabilone [Cesamet] related to marijuana CINV MOA with emesis unclear potential for abuse and psychotomimetic effects
side effects: dry mouth, blurred vision, drowsiness antihistamines - ANSWERS-dimenhydrinate [Dramamine], meclizine [Antivert], cyclizine considered anticholinergics; block receptors for acetylcholine and histamine side effects: sedation (H receptor blocking), dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation (muscarinic receptor blocking) diarrhea - ANSWERS-shortened transit times through small intestine and colon exaggerated gastrocolonic response, and an increase in propulsive contractions in the colon constipation - ANSWERS-slowed transit of intestinal contents functional bowel disorders - ANSWERS-result from a condition of visceral hypersensitivity laxatives - ANSWERS-used to ease or stimulate defecation by:
soften the stool increase stool volume hasten fecal passage through the intestine facilitate evacuation from the rectum misuse comes from misconceptions of what constitutes normal bowel function psyllium [Metamucil] - ANSWERS-bulk-forming laxatives docusate sodium [Colace] - ANSWERS-surfactant laxatives-stool softeners bisacodyl [Dulcolax] - ANSWERS-stimulant laxatives milk of magnesia (MOM) and polyethylene glycol 3350 [MiraLAX] - ANSWERS-osmotic laxatives pre-procedure (colonoscopy) surgery - ANSWERS-sodium sulfate/potassium sulfate/magnesium sulfate [Suprep] polyethylene glycol/electrolytes [GoLytely] polyethylene glycol/electrolytes/sodium ascorbate/ ascorbic acid [MoviPrep]
used to treat diarrhea and to reduce the volume of discharge from ileostomies little or no potential for abuse general considerations of infectious diarrhea - ANSWERS-variety of bacteria and protozoa can be responsible infections are usually self-limited many cases require no treatment antibiotics should be used only when clearly indicated: Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, or Clostridium infections Escherichia coli - ANSWERS-usually self-limiting C. diff infection - ANSWERS-Clostridioides difficile; about 20% of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea spread by bacterial spores found within deces
diagnosis by stool culture Tx: metronidazole, vancomycin or fidaxomicin fecal transplant esophagus or stomach - ANSWERS-upper GI bleeding causes of esophageal bleeding - ANSWERS-esophageal varices due to portal hypertension/cirrhosis: 5-8% - ANSWERS-rate at which esophageal varices develop per year in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension, 80% of patients with cirrhosis will eventually develop this complication 25-35% - ANSWERS-Percentage variceal hemorrhage occurs in patients with cirrhosis and large esophagogastic varices 15-20% - ANSWERS-percentage bleeding from esophageal varices is associated with mortality and accounts for one-third of all deaths 60-70% - ANSWERS-percentage of patients who will experience recurrent variceal hemorrhage if no long term therapy is instituted after control of acute hemorrhage
maroon stools - ANSWERS-marroon-colored blood mixed with stool and are often associated with a right colonic source of bleeding melena - ANSWERS-refers to black tarry, foul-smelling stool that results from the bacterial degradation of hemoglobin over a period of at least 14 hours. It usually implies an upper GI source of bleeding Ingestion of iron, bismuth, charcoal, and licoricde should be excluded since they all can turn black occult blood - ANSWERS-refers to the presence of small quantities of blood in the stool that does not change its color and can only be detected by performing a stool guaiac card test. Blood loss of at least 5-10 mL/day can be detected by stool guaiac card tests. The GI tract normally loses about 0.5-1.5 mL of blood per day, which is not usually detected by guaiac tests common causes of lower GI bleeding - ANSWERS-diverticulosis/Diverticulitis arteriorvenous malformation (AVM) ischemic colitis hemorrhoids
colon cancer endoscopy endoscopy - ANSWERS-part of the management/treatment for all GI bleeding H pylori treatment - ANSWERS-requires multiple antibiotics including: clarithromycin, amoxicillin, bismuth, metronidazole, and tetracycline Prevpac: Iansoprazole, amoxicillin, clarithromycin medications used to treat patients with nonvariceal upper GI bleeding - ANSWERS-antacids, histamine-2 (H2)-receptor antagonists, and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) proton pump inhibitors - ANSWERS-most effective drugs for suppressing secretion of gastric acid therapeutics uses: short term Gastric/duodenal uclers/UGI Bleed GERD
