Jean Watson's Philosophy and Theory of Transpersonal Caring in Nursing, Cheat Sheet of Nursing

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NURSING

PHILOSOPHIES

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE

Modern Nursing

• (^) credentials and background
• (^) Founder Of Modern Nursing

• (^) The lady of/WITH the lamp – because she made ward rounds during the night
• (^) In Scutari she became critically ill with crimean fever – typhus or brucellosis
• (^) After the war – she established st. thomas hospital and kings college hospital In London.

Major Assumptions

1. Nursing – Every woman at one time in her life would be a nurse in the sense that nursing is being responsible for someone else’s health.
2. Person – Patient. The nurse was in control of and responsible for the patient’s environmental surroundings.
3. Health – Being well and using every power to the fullest extent. She envisioned the maintenance of health through prevention of disease by environmental control and social responsibility.
4. Environment – Nursing was to assist nature in healing the patient. Create and maintain a therapeutic environment. Her assumptions and understanding about the environmental conditions were most relevant to her philosophy.

Theoretical Assertions

• (^) Disease was a reparative process
• (^) Disease was nature’s effort to remedy a process of poisoning or decay or a reaction against the conditions in which a person was placed.

MAJOR CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS

• (^) Theory focused on environment. (Surroundings)
• (^) Five essential components of environmental health
  • (^) Pure air
  • (^) Light
  • (^) Cleanliness
  • (^) Efficient drainage
  • (^) Pure water

Acceptance by the Nursing Community

1. Practice – remain the foundation of nursing practice today.
2. Education – three experimental schools were established in the US in 1873
   • (^) Bellevue Hospital in New York
   • (^) New Haven Hospital in Connecticut
   • (^) Massachusetts Hospital in Boston
   • good practice could result only from good education
3. Research – empirical approach to solving problems of health care delivery. - “Environmental Theory”

Jean Watson

Philosophy and Theory of Transpersonal Caring

• (^) Margaret Jean Harman Watson
• (^) Born and grew up in Welch, West Virginia
• (^) University of Colorado BSN in 1964, Master’s Degree in 1966 and doctorate degree in 1973.

Theoretical Sources

• (^) Caring moment can be transpersonal – each person feels a connection with the other at the spirit level.
• (^) Healing – directly related to the individual’s evolving personhood.
• (^) She uses handwashing as a ritual to pause for a moment and become receptive to interactions with the patient.

• (^) “the Caring Moment is most evident within the transpersonal Caritas energetic field model.” - One’s consciousness, intentionality, energetic heart-centered presence is radiating a field beyond the two people and situation, affecting the larger field - (^) four aspects of caring – moral ideal, intentionality, ontological competencies, healing art and healing space in transpersonal caring

Theoretical Assertions

• (^) NURSING – Consist of knowledge, thought, values, philosophy, commitment and action with some degree of passion. Using the 10 carative factors, the nurse provides care to various patients.
• (^) PERSONHOOD – views person as a unity of mind/body/spirit/nature. The body is a living spirit that manifests one’s being in the world
• (^) HEALTH – unity and harmony within the mind, body and spirit, associated with the degree of congruence between the self as perceived and the self as experienced.
• (^) ENVIRONMENT – healing spaces can be used to help others transcend illness, pain and suffering. The aim of the environment is to create healing places.

Marilyn Anne Ray

Theory of Bureaucratic Caring

• (^) Marilyn Anne Dee Ray was born in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
• (^) Graduated from St. Joseph Hospital School of Nursing in 1958.
• (^) She finished her BSN and MSN at University of Colorado School of Nursing
  • she met Dr. Madeleine Leininger.

Major Concepts and Definitions

• (^) Caring is A complex, transcultural, relational process, grounded in an ethical, spiritual context. Caring is inevitable within a culture or society, such as, personal culture, hospital organizational culture, and society culture.
• (^) Physical - this factor is related to the physical state of being, which includes, biological and psychological patterns. The reason is that, both the human mind and body are interrelated, showing a pattern that influences the other.
• (^) Economic - related factors of the definition of caring include money, budget, insurance systems, limitations, and guidelines imposed by managed care.