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NURSING RESEARCH 4325 ALL
CHAPTERS WITH COMPLETE AND
ACCURATE ANSWERS.
Research - Correct Answer-to search again and to examine carefully as in a diligent and systematic inquiry or study that validates and refines existing knowledge and develops a new empirical body of knowledge for a discipline or profession. Nursing research - Correct Answer-is a scientific process that validates and refines existing knowledge and generates new knowledge that directly and indirectly influences nursing. Goal of nursing - Correct Answer-an evidence based practice that promotes quality, safe, and cost effective outcomes for patients, families, healthcare providers, and the healthcare system. Evidence-based practice - Correct Answer-evolves from the integration of the best research evidence with clinical expertise and patients' needs and values. best research evidence - Correct Answer-empirical knowledge generated from the synthesis of quality study findings to address a practice problem. clinical expertise - Correct Answer-knowledge and skills of the healthcare professional who is providing care Components of research evidence - Correct Answer-description, explanation, prediction, and control of phenomena
Description - Correct Answer-involves identifying and understanding the nature of nursing phenomena such as incidence and spread, cluster of symptoms, description of individual responses, description of health promotion and illness prevention, and determination of incidence of disease locally. explanation - Correct Answer-clarifies the relationships among phenomena and identifies possible reasons why certain events occur such as determination of assessment data, link to diagnosis, link of causative risk factors or causes to illness, morbidity and mortality. prediction - Correct Answer-estimating the probability of a specific outcome in a given situation such as the risk for a disease or injury in different populations, estimating behaviors that promote health or prevent illness and prediction of health care required bases on patient needs and values. Control - Correct Answer-the ability to write a prescription to produce the desired results also known as the ability to manipulate the situation to produce the desired outcome. History of research - Correct Answer-began with Florence Nightingale in the Crimean war and resulted in society beginning to accept responsibility for testing public water, improving sanitation, preventing starvation, and decreasing morbidity and mortality rates. Case Study - Correct Answer-involves in-depth analysis and systematic description of one patient or group of similar to promote understanding of healthcare interventions. Quality and Safety Education for Nurses - Correct Answer-QSEN focused on developing the requisite knowledge, skills, and attitude statements for each of the competencies for pre-licensure and graduate education
Correlational research - Correct Answer-examines relationships and is conducted to develop and refine explanatory knowledge for nursing practice - it is quantitative. Quasi-experimental and experimental - Correct Answer-studies that determine the effectiveness of nursing interventions in predicting and controlling the outcomes desired for patients and families - it is quantitative. Phenomenological research - Correct Answer-is an inductive descriptive approach used to describe an experience as it is lived by an individual. it is qualitative Grounded theory research - Correct Answer-is an inductive technique used to formulate, test, and refine a theory about a particular phenomena it is qualitative Exploratory- descriptive research - Correct Answer-conducted to address an issue or problem in need of a solution or understanding with the intent of describing the topic of interest and promoting understanding. Historical research - Correct Answer-a narrative description or analysis of events that occurred in a remote or recent past Ethnographic research - Correct Answer-developed by the anthropologist and requires an in-depth study of members of a culture. Outcomes research - Correct Answer-focuses on examining the results of care and determining the changes in health status for the patient. Evidence based guidelines - Correct Answer-rigorous, explicit clinical guidelines that have been developed based on the best research evidence available.
Strategies used to synthesize research evidence - Correct Answer- systematic review, meta analysis, meta-synthesis, mixed methods systematic review What does "research" mean? - Correct Answer-to search again or examine carefully What is the definition of "nursing research"? - Correct Answer-a scientific process that validates and refines existing knowledge and generates new knowledge that directly and indirectly influences nursing practice. How is knowledge acquired in nursing? - Correct Answer-tradition, authority, borrowing from other disciplines, trial and error, personal experience, role modeling, intuition, reasoning, and nursing research. What is quantitative research? - Correct Answer-a formal, objective, systematic process in which numerical data are used to obtain information about the world. What is qualitative research? - Correct Answer-a systematic, subjective approach to research that is used to describe life experiences and situations and give them meaning. What are the major categories of qualitative research? - Correct Answer-phenomenological, grounded theory, ethnographic, exploratory-descriptive, and historical research What are the four major categories of quantitative research? - Correct Answer-descriptive, correlational, quasi-experimental, experimental What is a systematic review? - Correct Answer-a structured, comprehensive synthesis of the research literature to determine the best research evidence available to address a healthcare question.
What is evidence-based practice? - Correct Answer-Evidence-based practice evolves from the integration of the best research evidence with clinical expertise and patients' needs and values. What is descriptive research? - Correct Answer-the exploration and description of phenomena in real-life situations. It provides an accurate account of characteristics of particular individuals, situations, or groups. Remember, this type of study does not show cause and effect. What is correlational research? - Correct Answer-the systematic investigation of relationships between or among variables. Using correlational analysis, the researcher is able to determine the degree or strength and type (positive or negative) of relationship between two variables. Remember, this type of study does not show cause and effect. What is quasi-experimental research? - Correct Answer-it examines causal relationships or determines the effect of one variable on another. These studies involve implementing a treatment and examining the effect of the treatment using selected methods of measurement. What is experimental research? - Correct Answer-an objective, systematic, highly controlled investigation for the purpose of predicting and controlling phenomena in nursing practice. Causality between the independent and dependent variables is examined under highly controlled conditions. What are the three main characteristics of experimental research? - Correct Answer-controlled manipulation of at least one treatment variable (the independent variable), exposure of some of the subjects to the treatment (experimental group) and no exposure of the remaining subjects (control group), and random assignment of subjects to either the control or the experimental group.
What is basic or "pure" research? - Correct Answer-scientific investigation that involves the pursuit of knowledge for knowledge's sake, or for the pleasure of learning and finding truth What is applied or "practical" research? - Correct Answer-scientific investigation conducted to generate knowledge that will directly influence or improve clinical practice. The purpose of this type of research is to solve problems, make decisions, or predict or control outcomes in real life practice situations. These findings can also be useful to policy makers as a basis for making changes to address health and social problems. What is rigor in quantitative research? - Correct Answer-Rigor is striving for excellence in research, and it requires discipline, adherence to detail, and strict accuracy. A rigorously conducted quantitative study has precise measuring tools, a representative sample, and a tightly controlled study design. What is precision in quantitative research? - Correct Answer-Precision encompasses accuracy, detail, and order. It is evident in the concise statement of the research purpose and detailed development of the study design. The most explicit example of precision is the measurement or quantification of the study's variables. What is control in quantitative research? - Correct Answer-Control involves the imposing of rules by the researcher to decrease the possibility of error, thereby increasing the probability that the study's findings are an accurate reflection of reality. What are extraneous variables? - Correct Answer-they exist in all studies and can interfere with obtaining a clear understanding the relationships among study variables. Controlling extraneous variables enables a researcher to more accurately determine the effect of an independent or treatment variable on a dependent variable or outcome variable.
found in the review of literature or in a concept analysis. It can be described as a definition or in a series of words. What is an operational definition of a study variable? - Correct Answer- It provides a variable with a definition that can be measured or manipulated. The measurement, instrument, or tool that is being used to measure the variable is usually the variable's operational definition. What are assumptions? - Correct Answer-statements that are taken for granted or are considered to be true even though they have not been scientifically tested. What are limitations? - Correct Answer-restrictions in a study that may decrease the credibility and generalizability of the findings. What is generalization? - Correct Answer-the extension of the implications of the research findings from the sample studied to the larger population. What is a research or study design? - Correct Answer-the blueprint for the conduct of a study that maximizes control over factors that could interfere with the study's desired outcome. The type of design directs the selection of a population, procedures for sampling, methods of measurement, and plans for data collection and analysis. The choice of a research design depends on what is known and not known about the research problem, the researcher's expertise, the purpose of the study, and the intent to generalize the findings. What is a pilot study? - Correct Answer-a smaller version of a proposed study and researchers frequently conduct these to refine the methodology / strengthen future study design. What is the population? - Correct Answer-All elements (individuals, objects, or substances) that meet certain criteria for inclusion in a study.
What is a sample? - Correct Answer-A subset of the population that was chosen for a particular study. Members of a sample are known as subjects (quantitative methods) or participants (qualitative methods). What is measurement? - Correct Answer-the process of assigning numbers to objects, events, or situations in accord with some rule. What is data collection? - Correct Answer-the precise, systematic gathering of information relevant to the research purpose or the specific objectives, questions, or hypotheses of a study. To collect data, a researcher must gain permission from the setting where the research is conducted and consent from the all of the subjects / participants. Data may be collected using the following research instruments: observation, interviews, questionnaires, physiological measurements, etc. What is data analysis? - Correct Answer-it reduces, organizes, and gives meaning to the data that has been collected in the study. Analysis techniques include descriptive and inferential analyses and are chosen based on the research objectives, questions, or hypotheses and the types of research instruments used. In what section of a research article or report would you find a discussion of the major findings, limitations, of the study, conclusions drawn from findings, etc.? - Correct Answer-the discussion section In what section of a research article or report would you find the statistical tests used to analyze the study data and the significance of those outcomes? - Correct Answer-the results section In what section of a research article or report would you find a description of the nature and scope of the problem being investigated and a case for the conduct of the study? - Correct Answer-the introduction section In what section of a research article or report would you find a description of how the study was conducted. It should also include the
Observation is used to.... - Correct Answer-gather firsthand information in a naturally occurring situation by observing carefully and listening. The observer may take "field notes". Data management in qualitative research may include: - Correct Answer-transcribing interviews and data immersion Data analysis in qualitative research may include: - Correct Answer- dwelling with the data coding the data and identifying patterns or themes. The researcher may need to engage in reflexive thought and interpreting the data / identifying usefulness for clinical practice or further research. Qualitative researchers seek to provide a holistic picture of phenomena guided by what four beliefs? - Correct Answer-1. There are multiple, constructed realities because meaning is subjective (created by individuals) and inter-subjective (created by groups). 2.Knowledge is co-constructed by the persons involved in an interaction.
- Human behavior are choices influenced by the past and present as well as by the physical, psychological, and social contexts of the behavior or experience.
- Time and context influence individual and group perspectives. What is bracketing? - Correct Answer-The researcher must "bracket" or set aside their own biases and preconceptions to describe a phenomena in a naive way. What is the outcome of phenomenological research? - Correct Answer- To provide a thorough description of a lived experience. What is the outcome of grounded theory research? - Correct Answer- Fully developed grounded theory studies result in theoretical frameworks with relational statements between concepts.
What is the outcome of ethnographic research? - Correct Answer-A written report based on the analysis of the culture. What is an emic approach to studying cultures? - Correct Answer-An approach that values studying behaviors from within the culture that recognizes the uniqueness of the individual. What is an etic approach to studying cultures? - Correct Answer-An approach that values studying behavior from outside of the culture and examining similarities and differences across cultures. What does "going native" mean in ethnographic research? - Correct Answer-This occurs when a researcher becomes part of the culture and loses the ability to observe clearly. What is the outcome of exploratory-descriptive research? - Correct Answer-This type of study is conducted with a specific research question in mind and its design does not clearly fall into one of the other qualitative research categories. The outcome of a well-designed exploratory-descriptive qualitative study is to answer the research question. What is the outcome of historical research? - Correct Answer-Historical researchers provide a description of events and / or a chronology of factors that affected the topic of interest. There is a greater focus on the story being told. Name four experiments that were highly publicized for their unethical treatment of human subjects: - Correct Answer-1. The Nazi medical experiments
- the Tuskegee Syphilis study
- the Willow brook Study
- the Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study In all of these studies, while physicians were the primary investigators...nurses understood the nature of the research, identified
Researchers must develop research projects to comply with the HIPAA privacy rule. What are the human rights that require protection in research? - Correct Answer-self-determination privacy anonymity and confidentiality fair treatment protection from discomfort and harm What is coercion? - Correct Answer-This occurs when one person intentionally presents an overt threat of harm or an excessive reward to another to gain compliance. This violates one's right to self- determination. What is covert data collection? - Correct Answer-This occurs when subjects are unaware that research data are being collected. This violates one's right to self-determination. What is the use of deception? - Correct Answer-The actual misinforming of subjects for research purposes. This violates one's right to self-determination. Who are persons with diminished autonomy? - Correct Answer-Persons who are vulnerable or less advantaged because of legal or mental incompetence, terminal illness, or confinement to an institution. Legal and / or mental limitations may include: neonates and children, pregnant women and fetuses, mentally impaired persons, unconscious patients, the terminally ill, and persons confined to institutions. What is a right to privacy? - Correct Answer-the freedom that people have to determine the time, extent, and general circumstances under which their private information will be shared or withheld from others. An invasion of privacy occurs when private information is shared without a person's knowledge or against his / her will.
What is the right to anonymity and confidentiality? - Correct Answer- Anonymity exists when the subject's identity cannot be linked, even by the researcher, with his / her individual responses. Confidentiality is the researcher's management of private information shared by the subject or participant. What is fair selection and treatment of subjects? - Correct Answer-The right to fair selection and treatment of subjects is based on the principle of justice. People must be selected fairly and not based on social, cultural, racial or sexual biases. In addition, you cannot select certain subjects because you like them and want them to receive the benefits of the study. If you promise a benefit of a study (i.e. compensation for participation) all subjects must receive it. In research, discomfort and harm can be... - Correct Answer-physical, emotional, social, or economic or any combination of these four. What is the range of discomfort and harm in a research study? - Correct Answer-no anticipated effects, temporary discomfort, unusual levels of temporary discomfort, risk of permanent damage, and certainty of permanent damage. What are the four key elements of informed consent? - Correct Answer-
- disclosure of essential study information to study participants
- comprehension of this information by the participant
- competence (comprehension) of the participant to give consent
- voluntary consent of the participant What is a consent form in a research study? - Correct Answer-A written form that includes the elements of informed consent required by the DHHS and FDA regulations, and any additional requirements from the institution where the study is being conducted or the agency who is funding the study. What is an institutional review? - Correct Answer-In an institutional review, a study is examined for ethical concerns by a committee knowledgeable about research and clinical practice.
variables, and often the setting of the study. A clearly stated research purpose can capture the essence of a study in a single statement and is essential for directing the remaining steps of the research process. If little is known about a subject, what type of quantitative study will the researcher start with? - Correct Answer-They will start with a descriptive or correlational study and progress to quasi-experimental or experimental studies as knowledge expands in the area. What is the purpose of a descriptive study? - Correct Answer-To identify and describe concepts or variables To identify possible relationships among variables To delineate differences between or among existing groups What is the purpose of a correlational study? - Correct Answer-to examine the type of relationship (positive or negative) and the strength of relationship (weak or strong) among variables. What is the purpose of a quasi-experimental study? - Correct Answer-to determine the effect of a treatment or independent variable on a designated dependent or outcome variable. What is the purpose of an experimental study? - Correct Answer-these are conducted in highly controlled settings, using a highly structured design to determine the effect of one or more independent variables on one or more dependent variables. How do you know a study's problem and purpose has significance? Ask these four questions... - Correct Answer-1. How will it influence nursing practice?
- Does it build on previous nursing research?
- How does it promote theory testing or development?
- Does it address current concerns or priorities in nursing? How do you know whether a study is feasible to conduct? Ask yourself the following questions... - Correct Answer-1. is the problem / purpose within the researcher's area of expertise?
- How will the costs of the study be paid for?
- How will you find your sample, facility, or equipment that you need for the study?
- Is the purpose of your study ethical and are your subject's rights being protected? Where do research objectives, questions, or hypotheses for a study come from? - Correct Answer-They are based on the problem, purpose, literature review, and study framework. What's the main job of the research objectives, questions, or hypotheses for a study? - Correct Answer-to direct the remaining steps of the study or research process! In other words....how will we measure the variables, how will we select subjects / participants, what statistics will we use, etc... What is a research objective (or aim) in a quantitative study? - Correct Answer-A clear, concise, declarative statement that is expressed in the present tense. A research objective is more likely to be used in a descriptive or correlational study design. Research objectives may focus on one or two variables and: 1.) indicate whether they are to be identified or described 2.) identify relationships among variables 3.) determine differences among two or more groups with regard to the variables. What is a research question in a quantitative study? - Correct Answer-A clear, concise interrogative statement that is worded in the present tense, includes one or more variables, and is expressed to guide the implementation of a quantitative study. Research questions may: 1.) describe variables 2.) examine relationships among variables 3.) use independent variables to predict dependent variables 4.) determine differences among two or more groups with regard to the variables.
