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NUTRITION VITAMINS/MINERALS (144 TERMS)
2025/2026 LATEST UPDATED AND GRADED A+
100% PASS, Exams of Nutrition Validate Pass
Which vitamins are water-soluble? - ANSWER -Vitamin B and C Which vitamins are fat-soluble? - ANSWER -Vitamin A, D, E, and K True/False: Vitamins are individual units rather than linked together - ANSWER -True True/False: Vitamins yield energy - ANSWER -False; vitamins do not yield energy, but they do assist in enzymes that participate in the release of energy What is bioavailability? - ANSWER -The rate at which a nutrient is absorbed and used What are inactive forms of vitamins commonly referred to as? - ANSWER -Precursors True/False: Once in the body, precursors remain in their inactive forms. - ANSWER -False; once inside of the body, precursors are converted to their active forms. What is the precursor to vitamin A? - ANSWER -Beta-carotene
What is the "equation" used to measure vitamin intake? - ANSWER -Vitamin intake = active vitamins + potential vitamins (precursors) Which vitamins are hydrophilic? - ANSWER -Vitamins B and C Which vitamins are hydrophobic? - ANSWER -Vitamins A, D, E, an K Which type of vitamin (water-soluble/fat-soluble) moves directly into the bloodstream? - ANSWER -Water-soluble If water-soluble vitamins go directly to the bloodstream, where do fat-soluble vitamins go? - ANSWER -Lymph cells and then to the blood Which vitamins are stored more often: water-soluble or fat- soluble? - ANSWER -Fat-soluble True/False: Water soluble vitamins need to be consumed more often - ANSWER -True; water-soluble vitamins are excreted more often rather than stored. What does UL stand for? - ANSWER -Upper intake Levels Without _______ __, the body would lack energy - ANSWER - Vitamin B
What are good sources of thiamin? - ANSWER -Fortified cornflakes, pork, grains, soy milk What occurs when there is a deficiency in riboflavin (B2)? - ANSWER -Membranes become inflammed Which vitamin is destroyed by UV light? - ANSWER -Riboflavin (B2) What are good sources of riboflavin (B2)? - ANSWER -Milk, milk products, grains, cornflakes, eggs, liver and mushrooms What two forms does niacin (B3) exist in? - ANSWER -NAD and NADP True/False: The body can make niacin from tryptophan. - ANSWER -True What disease is caused by a deficiency in niacin (B3)? - ANSWER - Pellagra; classically described by "the four Ds": diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death What are some good sources of niacin (B3)? - ANSWER -Liver, mushrooms, chicken breast, cornflakes, fish, legumes, potatoes, and grain Which vitamin is involved in DNA synthesis? - ANSWER -Folate (B9)
Which vitamin converts B12 to its coenzyme form and regenerates methionine from homocysteine? - ANSWER -Folate (B9) Which vitamin is secreted by the liver into bile? - ANSWER -Folate (B9) What does a deficiency in folate (B9) cause? - ANSWER -1. Neural tube defects
- Congenital birth defects What are good sources of folate? - ANSWER -Broccoli, pinto beans, lentils, and asparagus Which two vitamins depend on each other for activation? - ANSWER -B12 and B9 (folate) Where is B12 digested? Absorbed? - ANSWER -Stomach; small intestine Which type of anemia is related to B12 deficiency? - ANSWER - Pernicious anemia Who are at great risks for developing a deficiency in B12? - ANSWER -The elderly and vegetarians How to vegetarians get sufficient amounts of B12? - ANSWER - Nutritional yeasts
How do the fat-soluble vitamins differ from the water-soluble vitamins? - ANSWER -Fat-soluble vitamins require bile for digestion and absorption What do fat-soluble vitamins require to get into the bloodstream?
- ANSWER -Transport proteins Is risk of toxicity greater in water-soluble vitamins or fat-soluble vitamins? Why? - ANSWER -Fat-soluble vitamins because they are stored rather than excreted. What are the three forms vitamin A can convert between? - ANSWER -1. Retinol
- Retinal
- Retinoic acid Which retinoid is responsible and active in vision? - ANSWER - Retinal Which retinoid regulate cell growth, differentiation, and embryonic development? - ANSWER -Retinoic acid Which retinoid supports reproduction and is the major transport and storage form? - ANSWER -Retinol True/False: Vitamin A helps convert light energy into nerve impulses - ANSWER -True
What is the growth of bones referred to as? - ANSWER -Bone remodeling Which vitamin helps protect an individual from sunlight? - ANSWER -Vitamin A What are the two roles beta-carotene play in the body? - ANSWER -1. acts as a vitamin A precursor
- acts as an antioxidant capable of protecting the body from disease What is associated with vitamin A deficiency? - ANSWER -Night blindness and total blindness What is night blindness? - ANSWER -When a person loses the ability to recover promptly from the temporary blinding following a bright light or flash. Which is caused by a lack of vitamin A in the FRONT of the eye? Back of the eye? - ANSWER -Total blindness; night blindness True/False: Vitamin A deficiency is rare. - ANSWER -False; vitamin A deficiency is a real possibility What is associated with a deficiency in vitamin A? - ANSWER - Bone defects
What causes vitamin D deficiency? - ANSWER -1. Dark skin
- Breastfeeding w/o supplementation
- Lack of sunlight
- Not drinking fortified milk What disease is caused by a deficiency in vitamin D? - ANSWER - Rickets: bones fail to calcify normally, and bend Osteomalacia: poor mineralization of bones; bones are flexible, brittle and deformed Osteoporosis: bones fracture easily What are good sources of vitamin D? - ANSWER -Oily fish and egg yolks What are the two subgroups of vitamin E? - ANSWER -1. Tocopherols
- Tocotrienols What four components do the subgroups of vitamin E contain? - ANSWER -Alpha, beta, gamma, and delta True/False: All subgroups of vitamin E are present in the body. - ANSWER -False: only alpha-tocopherol is maintained in the body
Which vitamin stops the chain reaction of free radicals? - ANSWER -Vitamin E What are the effects of vitamin E deficiency? - ANSWER -Red blood cells break open; hemolysis Which organ regulates vitamin E concentrations - ANSWER -Liver What is RDA based on for vitamin E recommendations? - ANSWER -Alpha-tocopherols only Which vitamin's primary action is blood clotting? - ANSWER - Vitamin K What can occur is too much vitamin K is consumed? - ANSWER - Blood clotting is prevented What are good sources of vitamin K? - ANSWER -Green vegetables (spinach, kale) and green fruits (avocado and kiwi) What is the fluid inside of the cells called? Outside of the cells? - ANSWER -intracellular fluid; extracellular fluid True/False: When water intake is inadequate, the blood becomes more concentrated, the mouth becomes dry, and the hypothalamus initiates drinking behavior - ANSWER -True
minerals enter the body, they maintain there until they are excreted True/False: Minerals can NOT be destroyed by heat, acid, or chemical elements - ANSWER -True Which mineral helps maintain acid-base balance and is essential to nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction? - ANSWER -Sodium What is the UL for sodium intake? - ANSWER -2300 mg What condition occurs when there is a deficiency of sodium? - ANSWER -Hyponatremia: a condition where there is not enough sodium in the blood What can occur when there is too much sodium in the body? - ANSWER -1. Edema
- High blood pressure
- Hypertension What is the major anion in the extracellular fluids? - ANSWER - Chloride Which mineral maintains fluid and electrolyte balance? - ANSWER -Chloride and Potassium
What is the principle cation of the extracellular fluid? - ANSWER - Sodium What is the positively charged ion in the intracellular fluid? - ANSWER -Potassium What are the richest sources of potassium? - ANSWER -Fresh foods; vegetables and fruits What are the roles of potassium in the body? - ANSWER -1. help maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
- aid in nerve impulse and muscle contraction What are good sources of potassium? - ANSWER -Broccoli, carrots, strawberries, artichoke What is the most abundant mineral in the body? - ANSWER - Calcium Majority of the body's calcium is in the _____ and _____. - ANSWER -Bones; teeth What is the daily recommendation of calcium for: Adolescents? Adults up to 50? Women over 50?
What are good sources of phosphorus? - ANSWER -Milk, yogurt, sunflower seeds, tofu, liver True/False: Osteoporosis becomes apparent later in life. - ANSWER -True What are the trace minerals? - ANSWER -Iron, zinc, copper, magnesium, fluoride, chromium and molybdenum True/False: Iron tends to switch back and forth between two ionic states. - ANSWER -True What is iron known as in its REDUCED state? OXIDIZED state? - ANSWER -Ferrous; ferric What two proteins is most of the body's iron found in? - ANSWER -
- hemoglobin
- myoglobin What captures iron from food and stores it in the cells of the small intestine? - ANSWER -Ferritin When the body needs iron, ferritin releases some iron to the transport protein called ________. - ANSWER -Tranferrin What are the two forms that iron occurs in foods? - ANSWER -1. Heme: found in animal-derived foods; represents about 10% of the iron a person consumes in a day
- Non-heme; from both plant and animal-derived foods When iron concentrations become abnormally high, the liver converts somer ferritin into another storage protein known as: - ANSWER -Hemosiderin What is the most common nutrient deficiency? - ANSWER -Iron deficiency What disorder is caused by excess iron being consumed? - ANSWER -Hemochromatosis What is the recommended daily intake for iron? - ANSWER -8 mg for men and 18 mg for women What are good sources of iron? - ANSWER -Meats, fish, poultry, eggs and legumes Vegans: legumes, nuts, seeds, dried fruits, vegetables What is the UL for intakes of zinc? - ANSWER -40 mg What mineral is an integral part of the thyroid hormones that regulate body temperature, metabolic rate, reproduction growth, blood-cell production, nerve function and more? - ANSWER - Iodine
