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Question 1. Which article of the Treaty of Córdoba officially recognized Mexico’s independence from Spain? A) Article I B) Article III C) Article V D) Article VII Answer: A Explanation: Article I of the Treaty of Córdoba declared the end of Spanish sovereignty and recognized the independence of the Mexican nation. Question 2. The Plan de Iguala promised three guarantees. Which of the following was NOT one of those guarantees? A) Catholicism as the state religion B) Equality of all races C) Federalism for the states D) Independence from Spain Answer: C Explanation: The Plan de Iguala included Religion, Independence, and Unity (equality of races), but it did not address federalism; that concept emerged later. Question 3. Who was the first emperor of the short‑lived First Mexican Empire? A) José María Gutiérrez de Estrada B) Agustín de Iturbide C) Vicente Guerrero D) Antonio López de Santa Anna
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Answer: B Explanation: Agustín de Iturbide proclaimed himself Emperor Agustín I after the war of independence. Question 4. After the war of independence, the Texas ranching economy suffered primarily because: A) The Spanish crown imposed new taxes B) The Mexican treasury flooded the region with coinage C) The Spanish military withdrew, leaving a power vacuum D) The United States closed its trade routes Answer: C Explanation: The departure of Spanish troops left Texas without authority or protection, causing economic disruption. Question 5. The Imperial Colonization Law of 1823 required that immigrants to Texas be: A) Protestant and English‑speaking B) Catholic and of “good moral character” C) Native‑born Mexicans only D) Licensed merchants of any faith Answer: B Explanation: The law stipulated that settlers must be Catholic and possess good moral standing to receive land grants. Question 6. Under the Imperial Colonization Law, a “league” of land measured approximately: A) 4,428 acres
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Question 9. Relocating the state capital to Saltillo affected Texas settlers by: A) Increasing their representation in the state legislature B) Reducing travel time to the capital C) Lengthening the distance between settlers and the seat of government D) Providing immediate access to federal troops Answer: C Explanation: Saltillo was far from Texas, making political participation more difficult for Texan colonists. Question 10. The General Colonization Law of 1824 allowed individual states to: A) Issue their own currency B) Grant land to foreign settlers without federal approval C) Conduct independent foreign policy D) Set up private armies Answer: B Explanation: The law delegated colonization authority to states, letting them issue land grants to foreigners. Question 11. The “headright” system in the 1825 State Colonization Law granted: A) One league of land per family regardless of size B) One labor of land for each adult male colonist C) A fixed amount of land per head of cattle owned D) Land only to Mexican citizens Answer: B
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Explanation: The headright system awarded one labor (≈177 acres) for each adult male colonist who fulfilled the settlement requirements. Question 12. Moses Austin’s 1820 grant from Spanish authorities was originally intended for: A) A cotton plantation near San Antonio B) A mining operation in the Hill Country C) An empresario colony of Anglo‑American families D) A missionary outpost for the Catholic Church Answer: C Explanation: Moses Austin sought to bring Anglo‑American families to Texas as an empresario, but died before the grant could be executed. Question 13. Stephen F. Austin’s renegotiated grant (1821‑1823) differed from his father’s in that it: A) Required settlers to be Protestant B) Allowed the use of “empresario” title only after 1824 C) Added a requirement that settlers be Catholic and obey Mexican law D) Permitted the importation of enslaved Africans Answer: C Explanation: The Mexican government insisted that Austin’s colonists be Catholic and obey Mexican statutes. Question 14. The “Old Three Hundred” families primarily originated from which region of the United States? A) New England
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A) Was the first Mexican‑owned settlement in Texas B) Exclusively admitted Anglo‑American families C) Established the first public school in Texas D) Was located on the Rio Grande border Answer: A Explanation: De León, a native Tejano, founded Victoria, making it a Mexican‑led colony. Question 18. Green DeWitt’s settlement at Gonzales was challenged primarily by: A) Hostile relations with the U.S. Army B) Disputed boundaries with the Austin colony C) Lack of water sources D) A severe drought in 1825 Answer: B Explanation: DeWitt’s grant overlapped with Austin’s, leading to jurisdictional disputes. Question 19. Haden Edwards’ Nacogdoches contract was controversial because: A) He demanded all settlers be enslaved laborers B) He attempted to expel existing Tejano residents and claim the land for himself C) He refused to pay any taxes to the Mexican government D) He tried to establish a separate republic immediately Answer: B Explanation: Edwards tried to invalidate prior land titles, causing tension with established residents.
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Question 20. Tejano leader Erasmo Seguín is best known for: A) Leading the first Texas Rangers unit B) Acting as a liaison between Mexican authorities and Anglo settlers C) Drafting the 1824 Constitution D) Organizing the Fredonian Rebellion Answer: B Explanation: Seguín helped bridge cultural and legal gaps between the two groups. Question 21. José Antonio Navarro contributed to Texas history by: A) Writing the Texas Declaration of Independence in 1836 B) Serving as a delegate to the 1824 Mexican Constituent Congress C) Leading the first armed rebellion against Mexico in 1826 D) Establishing the first permanent mission in Texas Answer: B Explanation: Navarro was a Tejano delegate who advocated for Texas interests in the 1824 constitutional convention. Question 22. Early Mexican laws (1823‑1824) regarding slavery: A) Completely prohibited slavery throughout Mexico, including Texas B) Allowed slavery only for those born before 1820 C) Permitted slavery for a maximum of ten years after arrival D) Made no mention of slavery, leaving it to local authorities Answer: A
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C) U.S. consular courts operating in Texas D) Tribal councils of the Comanche Answer: B Explanation: Alcaldes handled civil and criminal matters in the absence of higher courts. Question 26. The “Nations of the North” referred to: A) The United States, Canada, and the British Empire B) The indigenous groups, especially the Comanche and Apache, that raided Texas settlements C) The northern Mexican states of Chihuahua and Coahuila D) The European colonizing powers vying for Texas Answer: B Explanation: The term described the powerful nomadic tribes that dominated the northern frontier. Question 27. The earliest concept of the “Texas Rangers” emerged because: A) The Mexican army stationed a permanent garrison in San Antonio B) Settlers were authorized to organize militias for self‑defense C) The United States sent volunteer cavalry to protect its citizens D) The Spanish missions trained native scouts for law enforcement Answer: B Explanation: With the Mexican military distant, colonists formed ranger companies to protect themselves. Question 28. Agreements with the Tonkawa and Karankawa tribes were primarily aimed at: A) Converting them to Catholicism
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B) Securing trade routes for cattle drives C) Establishing peace and limiting raids on settlements D) Recruiting them as mercenaries against the Comanche Answer: C Explanation: Treaties sought to reduce hostilities and protect settlers from raids. Question 29. The Fredonian Rebellion of 1826 was sparked by: A) A Mexican decree banning all foreign immigration B) Haden Edwards’ attempt to evict existing settlers from his grant C) The imposition of a new poll tax on Anglo colonists D) The annexation of Texas by the United States Answer: B Explanation: Edwards’ aggressive policies provoked local resistance, leading to the rebellion. Question 30. The short‑lived Republic of Fredonia declared its independence from: A) The United States B) The Republic of Texas C) Mexico D) The Coahuila y Tejas state government Answer: C Explanation: Fredonia’s rebels claimed independence from Mexican authority. Question 31. Richard Fields, who allied with the Fredonian rebels, was a leader of:
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Question 34. One long‑term consequence of the Fredonian Rebellion was: A) Immediate Texas independence in 1827 B) Increased Mexican suspicion toward Anglo‑American immigrants, leading to the Mier y Terán expedition in 1828 C) The abolishment of the empresario system D) The annexation of Texas by the United States in 1830 Answer: B Explanation: The rebellion made Mexican officials wary, prompting investigations like the Mier y Terán mission. Question 35. The Mier y Terán expedition of 1828 was primarily intended to: A) Negotiate a trade treaty with the United States B) Assess the feasibility of colonization in Texas C) Investigate the state of colonization, lawlessness, and indigenous threats in Texas D) Lead a military campaign against the Comanche Answer: C Explanation: The expedition surveyed Texas to report on settlement conditions and security issues. Question 36. Which of the following best describes the economic condition of Texas immediately after the war of independence? A) A booming cotton export market B) A severe shortage of hard currency and disrupted ranching operations C) A thriving gold mining industry D) A highly industrialized manufacturing sector
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Answer: B Explanation: The war left ranches devastated and there was a scarcity of coin, hampering trade. Question 37. Under the 1823 Imperial Colonization Law, a “labor” of land measured roughly: A) 177 acres B) 500 acres C) 4,428 acres D) 1,000 acres Answer: A Explanation: One labor equaled about 177 acres, a smaller unit than a league. Question 38. The 1824 Federal Constitution granted Texas representation in the national congress through: A) Two senators and four representatives B) One senator and three representatives C) No representation, as Texas was a district D) Direct voting rights for all male landowners Answer: B Explanation: Each state, including Coahuila y Tejas, sent one senator and a number of representatives based on population; Texas had three at the time. Question 39. The “headright” system required settlers to: A) Bring at least 100 head of cattle within two years B) Cultivate a minimum of 50 acres of cotton annually
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B) Complete assimilation of Anglos into Mexican culture C) A complex mix of cooperation, cultural exchange, and occasional tension D) Total political dominance of Anglos over Tejanos Answer: C Explanation: Relations were nuanced, involving collaboration in trade and defense, but also disputes over land and law. Question 43. The Mexican government’s stance on slavery in the early 1820s forced Anglo settlers to: A) Immediately free all enslaved persons in Texas B) Use indentured servitude contracts to retain labor C) Relocate to the United States to continue slavery D) Petition the United States for military protection Answer: B Explanation: To comply with anti‑slavery laws while maintaining labor, settlers turned to indentured contracts. Question 44. The “mission system” in Texas began to decline during the 1820s because: A) The Mexican government secularized mission lands and transferred them to private owners B) The United States took control of the missions after the War of 1812 C) A massive drought destroyed mission agriculture D) The Spanish Crown re‑established direct control over missions Answer: A Explanation: Mexico’s secularization policies reduced mission authority, leading to their dissolution.
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Question 45. Which Native American tribe was most notorious for large‑scale raids on Texas settlements during the early 1820s? A) Cherokee B) Shawnee C) Comanche D) Pueblo Answer: C Explanation: The Comanche, a powerful mounted horse culture, frequently raided frontier settlements. Question 46. The “Texas Rangers” concept originated as a response to: A) The need for a formal Mexican police force in Texas B) The requirement for settlers to defend themselves due to a depleted Mexican military presence C) A United States directive to protect its citizens in Texas D) A Spanish royal decree establishing frontier patrols Answer: B Explanation: With little Mexican military support, settlers organized ranger companies for self‑defense. Question 47. The 1826 Fredonian Rebellion was ultimately suppressed because: A) The United States sent troops to support the Mexican government B) Stephen F. Austin rallied colonists to defend Mexican authority C) The rebellion collapsed due to internal infighting among the Cherokee D) The Mexican army withdrew, leaving the rebels without opposition Answer: B
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D) To align the capital with the location of the majority of Tejano population Answer: A Explanation: Moving the capital farther from Texas limited Texan political power within the state. Question 51. The “General Colonization Law” of 1824 was significant because it: A) Established Texas as an independent republic B) Allowed foreign immigration while preserving Mexican sovereignty over land distribution C) Outlawed all non‑Mexican settlement in the northern frontier D) Created a single, uniform land grant size for all colonists Answer: B Explanation: The law opened colonization to foreigners under Mexican authority, delegating implementation to states. Question 52. Which of the following statements about the “Old Three Hundred” is accurate? A) They were granted land directly by the Spanish Crown before independence B) Their settlement was the first successful Anglo‑American colony in Texas under Mexican rule C) They were primarily German immigrants from Prussia D) They all arrived in Texas after 1830 Answer: B Explanation: The Old Three Hundred were the first organized Anglo‑American settlers under Austin’s 1825 grant. Question 53. In the early 1820s, the Mexican government’s policy toward the Comanche was to: A) Offer them Mexican citizenship in exchange for peace
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B) Engage in both diplomatic negotiations and military campaigns C) Completely ignore the Comanche, assuming they would vanish D) Relocate them to the southern border of Mexico Answer: B Explanation: Mexico attempted negotiations while also conducting military actions to curb raids. Question 54. The “headright” land entitlement for an adult male colonist was: A) One labor (≈177 acres) after fulfilling settlement conditions B) One league (≈4,428 acres) immediately upon arrival C) Ten acres of cultivated land only D) No land; headrights referred to monetary payments only Answer: A Explanation: The headright system granted a labor of land to each adult male settler who met the colonization criteria. Question 55. Which empresario’s colony was the first to be granted a “military exemption” allowing settlers to form their own militia? A) Stephen F. Austin B) Martín De León C) Green DeWitt D) Haden Edwards Answer: A Explanation: Austin’s 1825 grant included provisions for settlers to organize a militia for frontier defense.
