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OAT Practice: Biology
Q1: Bryophyta (mosses) - correct answer Avascular plants which alternate between haploid and diploid forms and have flagellated sperm. Pterophyta (ferns) - correct answer Vascular plants which alternate between haploid and diploid forms and have flagellated sperm Rhizopoda (amoebas) - correct answer Avascular plants which do not alternate between haploid and diploid forms. Coniferophyta (pines) - correct answer Avascular plants which do not have flagellated sperm. Angiosperms (flowering plants) - correct answer Avascular plants which alternate between haploid and diploid forms, but do not have flagellated sperm Q2: Nucleolus - correct answer Cellular organelle that is directly responsible for ribosome synthesis Endoplasmic Reticulum - correct answer Rough ER functions in protein synthesis and Smooth ER functions in lipid synthesis and detoxification of chemicals. Mitochondria - correct answer Site of aerobic respiration. Golgi Apparatus - correct answer Modifies new proteins and packages them for distribution Lysosomes - correct answer Function in intracellular digestion of proteins, polysaccharides, fats, and nucleic acids, as well as obsolete organelles.
Q3: Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) - correct answer Hormone secreted by the embryo that functions to maintain the corpus luteum. Estrogen - correct answer Produced by the ovary in females, initiates and maintains female sex characteristics and functions in the development of the uterine lining in preparation for pregnancy. Progesterone - correct answer Functions in the development of the uterine lining in preparation for pregnancy along with estrogen. Androgens - correct answer Produced by testis in males and function to initiate and maintain male sex characteristics and support spermatogenesis. Insulin - correct answer Produced by the pancreas and lowers blood sugar levels. Q4: Active Transport - correct answer Molecules are moved through the cell membrane against their concentration gradient with the help of membrane proteins. Since they are moving against the concentration gradient, ENERGY IS REQUIRED. Facilitated Diffusion - correct answer Molecules are moved through the cell membrane along their concentration gradient with the help of membrane proteins. Since they are moving with the gradient, NO ENERGY IS REQUIRED. Q5: Which of the following is NOT a form of asexual reproduction: External Fertilization - correct answer A form of sexual reproduction as it entails the fusion of female and male gametes. Binary Fission - correct answer Form of asexual reproduction in which each daughter cell receives a single copy of the parent's chromosomes.
AntiDiuretic Hormone (ADH) - correct answer Secreted by posterior pituitary Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) - correct answer Secreted by an embryo and maintains the supportive environment of the ovary. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) - correct answer Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, functions to stimulate the adrenal cortex to synthesize and release glucocorticoids. Prolactin (PRL) - correct answer Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates the production and secretion of milk. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - correct answer Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates the ovarian follicle in females and spermatogenesis in males. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - correct answer Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates the corpus luteum and ovulation in females and interstitial cells in males. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - correct answer Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates the thyroid gland to absorb iodine and produce thyroid hormone. Growth Hormone (GH) - correct answer Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, helps conserve glucose by inhibiting glucose uptake by cells and stimulating the breakdown of fatty acids. Q9: The following is true regarding enzymes... - correct answer
- Enzymes form temporary enzyme-substrate complexes
- Enzymes decrease activation energy of a reaction.
- Enzymes do not change the free energy of the products
- Enzymes are affected by changes in temperature and pH
Q10: Double fertilization - correct answer Occurs in mostly angiosperms, the union of two sperm cells with two cells of the embryo sac. Q11: Which of the following is the type of bacterial genetic variance characterized by integration of a foreign chromosome fragment (plasmid) into the host genome? - correct answer Transformation Transduction - correct answer Bacterial genetic variance by a bacteriophage, not a plasmid. Conjugation - correct answer Bacterial form of mating that is formed via a cytoplasmic bridge. Binary Fission - correct answer Occurs in bacteria but is not a source of variation since it involves making an exact copy. Parthenogenesis - correct answer An adult forming from an unfertilized egg and does not occur in bacteria. Q12: Which organelle(s) is thought to have originally been a free-living prokaryotic organism? - correct answer Chloroplast and Mitochondria Q13: What is meant by an organism's "fitness," in an evolutionary sense? - correct answer The organism survives to adulthood and reproduces. Q14: A biologist is dissecting a circulatory system that involves 5 aortic arches or "hearts" which pump blood through 2 main vessels, one dorsal and one ventral. Which organism could the biologist be studying? - correct answer Earthworm. Circulatory System of Humans - correct answer Involves one four-chambered heart which pumps blood through arteries, capillaries, and veins. Circulatory System of Grasshoppers - correct answer An open system which bathes body tissues directly in a fluid called hemolymph.
Photosynthesis - correct answer Electrons are passed from photosystem II to Photosystem I Q17: In a large population, 81% of individuals displays the recessive trait. What is the frequency of the dominant allele? - correct answer Answer: 0. p^2 + 2pq +q^2 = 1 q^2 = 81/ q = 9/10 or 0. p = 1-q p = 1 - 0.9 = 0.10 or 10% Hardy-Weinberg Equations - correct answer p + q = 1 p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 Hardy-Weinberg Equations: p - correct answer Frequency of the dominant allele Hardy-Weinberg Equations: q - correct answer Frequency of the recessive allele Hardy-Weinberg Equations: p^2 - correct answer Frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype Hardy-Weinberg Equations: 2pq - correct answer Frequency of the heterozygote genotype Hardy-Weinberg Equations: q^2 - correct answer Frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype Q18: Crossing over of homologous chromosomes during meiosis is important because... - correct answer It increases the genetic diversity of a population.
Q19: The binding of a molecule other than the substrate to the active site of an enzyme is involved in... - correct answer Competitive inhibition Noncompetitive Inhibition - correct answer A molecule binds to a part of the enzyme other than the active site, causing a conformational change in the enzyme. Unlike competitive, this inhibition can be overcome by increasing levels of the substrate. Feedback Inhibition - correct answer The presence of the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme which functions in an early step in the pathway. Q20: The digestive enzymes the pancreas produces are... - correct answer Carboxypeptidase, chymotrypsin, lipase, and trypsin. Q21: Two unaffected parents have four children: 2 sons and 2 daughters. Three of these children have phenylketonuria, a genetic disease. This is an example of... - correct answer Autosomal Recessive Inheritance. Predict -- unaffected parents having affected children is the hallmark of recessive inheritance. Predict -- the fact that male and female children are affected removes the possibility that it is X-linked because the father is not affected. Q22: In the human kidney... - correct answer salt is actively transported from the loop of Henle to the medulla. Water flows passively along its osmotic gradient, from the loop of the Henle (low salt conc.) to the medulla (high salt conc.) Q23: When there is insufficient oxygen reaching human muscles, the muscle cells...
- correct answer convert pyruvate to lactate (lactic acid fermentation) Yeast Fermentation - correct answer Converts pyruvate into ethanol, one of the fundamentals in the production of wine.
Determine Cells - correct answer Cells that have become committed to a specific developmental fate. Gastrulation Cells - correct answer 1. Endoderm: Develops into the digestive and respiratory tracts of the liver and pancreas, and the bladder lining.
- Mesoderm: Develops into the muscles and skeletal system, circulatory system, excretory system, gonads, and dermis (inner layer of skin)
- Ectoderm: Develops into the epidermis (outer layer of skin), nervous system, and sweat glands. Q28: Match the following 5 hormones with their function. Glucocorticoids - correct answer Promote release of glucose Vasopressin - correct answer Promotes retention of water Aldosterone - correct answer Promotes sodium retention Insulin - correct answer Lowers blood sugar Mineralcorticoids - correct answer Promotes the retention of water and minerals Q29: Mitochondria are thought to have originally been prokaryotes that were engulfed by a proto-eukaryote. Therefore, what type of cellular division is a mitochondrion most likely to exhibit? - correct answer Binary Fission due to their similar characteristics from evolving from prokaryotes (bacteria) which mainly replicate via binary fission. Parthenogenesis - correct answer The process by which an organism develops from an unfertilized egg Mitosis - correct answer Standard process for cellular division of eukaryotic cells
Meiosis - correct answer Standar process for cellular division of eukaryotic cells Regeneration - correct answer The ability to regrow broken off or detached parts of the body, does not describe a method of full reproduction. Q30: If a person with blood type AB mates with a person with a blood type O, what are the possible blood types of their children? - correct answer A or B A person with AB codes for the A surface marker (IA) and the B surface marker (IB). A person with type O codes for neither the A surface marker or the B surface marker. Q31: Which of the following would NOT be involved in the production of a secretory protein? - correct answer Smooth ER, which functions in lipid synthesis, carbohydrate synthesis, and detoxification of toxins. Secretory Protein Synthesis - correct answer Manufactured on ribosomes, which are located in the rough ER. From the ER, the proteins enter the Golgi where they are modified and packaged. From the Golgi, the proteins are packaged into secretory vesicles. When the secretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane, the proteins are released outside the cell. Q32: If 32P is used to label both strands of double-stranded DNA, after 2 rounds of replication, four double-stranded molecules of DNA are produced, Of these... - correct answer Two of the four double-stranded molecules of DNA will contain 32P, each with half of the 32P. Q33: In humans, color blindness is a sex-linked trait. The gene for color blindness is a recessive allele on the X chromosome. Affected males inherit the recessive allele from their mother. If a female who is a carrier for color blindness mates with a male who is color blind, what percentage of their female children will be color blind? - correct answer 50%. Normal X Chromosome = X+ Color Blindness X Chromosome = Xc
Q36: Which of the following is true regarding aerobic cellular respiration? - correct answer NADH and FADH2 function as electron carriers Q37: In oogenesis, unlike in spermatogenesis... - correct answer cytokinesis is unequal, producing one large ovum and two polar bodies. Q38: In a food chain which consists of grass, spiders, mice, snakes, and hawks, the organism with the greatest biomass is the... - correct answer Grass. Organisms at the top of the food chain have the least biomass, while organisms at the bottom of the food chain greatest biomass. Q39: Sequence that best represents embryonic development... - correct answer zygote --> morula --> blastula --> gastrula Q40: Which of the following is not a steroid hormone? - correct answer Insulin, which is a polypeptide hormone. Examples of steroid hormones... - correct answer Estrogen, cortisol, androgen, and progesterone
