Objective Assessment:Learners and Learning Science study guide
1. acquisition: learning new information by actively paying attention and engaging
with the material
2. consolidation: organizing and reinforcing new information by connecting it to
what you already know and practicing it to better remember it
3. short-term memory (STM): a mental space that temporarily holds a small
amount of information for a short time, usually a few seconds to a minute
4. long-term memory (LTM): the storage of information for a long time, including
knowledge, skills, and experiences
5. sensorimotor stage: infants (0-2 years old) explore through senses and actions,
developing an understanding of object permanence and laying cognitive foundations
6. object permanence: the understanding that something still exists even though it
cannot be seen or heard
7. trust v. mistrust stage: infants learn to rely on caregivers for their basic needs,
fostering trust while inconsistency in meeting these needs can lead to mistrust,
suspicion, and anxiety about their environment
8. autonomy v. shame/doubt stage: the shame and doubt stage involves a child's
journey toward independence and decision-making
9. sensory exploration: involves activities that engage the senses—touch, sight,
hearing, smell, and taste—helping children explore and understand the world
around them
10. fine motor skills: fine motor skills involve tiny muscles working with the brain
and nervous system to control movements in areas like the hands, fingers, lips,
tongue, and eyes
11. initiative v. guilt stage: children between ages 3 and 6 display increased
assertiveness by taking the lead in play and engaging in social interactions more
actively
12. preoperational stage: children between the ages of 2 and 7 years old think
symbolically, using symbols to represent words, objects, images, individuals, and
