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Chapter No#
Operators in C++
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or
logical manipulations. C++ is rich in built-in operators and provide the following types of
operators −
Arithmetic Operators Relational Operators Logical Operators Bitwise Operators Assignment Operators Misc Operators
This chapter will examine the arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, assignment and
other operators one by one.
Arithmetic Operators
There are following arithmetic operators supported by C++ language −
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then −
Show Examples
Operator Description Example
- Adds two operands A + B will give 30
- Subtracts second operand from the first A - B will give -
- Multiplies both operands A * B will give 200 / Divides numerator by de-numerator B / A will give 2 % Modulus Operator and remainder of after an integer division B % A will give 0 ++ Increment operator, increases integer value by one A++ will give 11
-- Decrement operator, decreases integer value by one A-- will give 9
Relational Operators
There are following relational operators supported by C++ language
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then −
Show Examples
Operator Description Example == Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if yes then condition becomes true. (A == B) is not true. != Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal then condition becomes true. (A != B) is true.
Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. (A > B) is not true. < Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. (A < B) is true. = Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. (A >= B) is not true. <= Checks if the value of left operand is less (A <= B) is true.
Assume if A = 60; and B = 13; now in binary format they will be as follows −
A = 0011 1100
B = 0000 1101
A&B = 0000 1100
A|B = 0011 1101
A^B = 0011 0001
~A = 1100 0011
The Bitwise operators supported by C++ language are listed in the following table.
Assume variable A holds 60 and variable B holds 13, then −
Show Examples
Operator Description Example & Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands. (A & B) will give 12 which is 0000 1100 | Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either operand. (A | B) will give 61 which is 0011 1101 ^ Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both. (A ^ B) will give 49 which is 0011 0001 ~ Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits. (~A ) will give -61 which is 1100 0011 in 2's complement form due to a signed binary number. << Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved left by the A << 2 will give 240 which is 1111 0000
number of bits specified by the right operand.
Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand. A >> 2 will give 15 which is 0000 1111
Assignment Operators
There are following assignment operators supported by C++ language −
Show Examples
Operator Description Example = Simple assignment operator, Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand. C = A + B will assign value of A + B into C += Add AND assignment operator, It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the result to left operand. C += A is equivalent to C = C + A -= Subtract AND assignment operator, It subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign the result to left operand. C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A *= Multiply AND assignment operator, It multiplies right operand with the left operand and assign the result to left operand. C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A /= Divide AND assignment operator, It divides left operand with the right operand and assign the result to left operand. C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A %= Modulus AND assignment operator, It takes modulus using two operands and assign the C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A
. (dot) and -> (arrow)
Member operators are used to reference individual members of classes,
structures, and unions.
Cast
Casting operators convert one data type to another. For example, int(2.2000)
would return 2.
Pointer operator & returns the address of a variable. For example &a; will give
actual address of the variable.
Pointer operator * is pointer to a variable. For example *var; will pointer to a
variable var.
Operators Precedence in C++
Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an expression. This affects
how an expression is evaluated. Certain operators have higher precedence than
others; for example, the multiplication operator has higher precedence than the
addition operator −
For example x = 7 + 3 * 2; here, x is assigned 13, not 20 because operator * has higher
precedence than +, so it first gets multiplied with 3*2 and then adds into 7.
Here, operators with the highest precedence appear at the top of the table, those with
the lowest appear at the bottom. Within an expression, higher precedence operators
will be evaluated first.
Show Examples
Category Operator Associativity Postfix () [] ->. ++ - - Left to right Unary + -! ~ ++ - - (type)* & sizeof Right to left
Multiplicative * / % Left to right Additive + - Left to right Shift << >> Left to right Relational < <= > >= Left to right Equality == != Left to right Bitwise AND & Left to right Bitwise XOR ^ Left to right Bitwise OR | Left to right Logical AND && Left to right Logical OR || Left to right Conditional ?: Right to left Assignment = += -= *= /= %=>>= <<= &= ^= |= Right to left Comma , Left to right
