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Organizational Behavior and Individual Differences, Exams of Nursing

Liberty University (LU)Nursing

An overview of various individual differences and their impact on organizational behavior. It covers topics such as self-monitoring, positive and negative affectivity, proactive personality, general self-efficacy, core self-evaluations, the dispositional and situational approaches to ob, and the interactionist approach. The document also discusses reinforcement strategies, reducing the probability of undesirable behaviors, and perceptual biases in employment interviews and performance appraisals. The information presented in this document could be useful for understanding how individual characteristics and situational factors influence employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance in the workplace.

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BU288 - Midterm 1 questions with correct answers

Micro OB Correct Answer-The attitudes and behaviours of individuals and groups

in organizations

Meso OB Correct Answer-How organizations can be structured more effectively

Macro OB Correct Answer-How events in the external environment affect

organizations

Goals of OB Correct Answer-Predict, explain, and manage behaviour and events in

organizations

OB Research Correct Answer-Research is a way of finding out about the world

through objective and systematic information gathering. OB researchers follow

strict research methods to conduct quality research, separates OB from opinion and

common sense

Evidence Based Management Correct Answer-Translating principles based on the

best scientific evidence into organizational practices, managers decide based on the

best available science. EBM is more likely to result in the attainment of

organizational goals

Reasons to care about OB research Correct Answer-- You're a consumer of OB

research through textbooks, business press, professors, etc

- A critical perspective is necessary to evaluate interventions

- Your knowledge of OB research can enable you to practice EBM

Conducting OB Research Correct Answer-- Decide on your research question

Discover Exams of Nursing Liberty University (LU)

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BU288 - Midterm 1 questions with correct answers

Micro OB Correct Answer-The attitudes and behaviours of individuals and groups in organizations Meso OB Correct Answer-How organizations can be structured more effectively Macro OB Correct Answer-How events in the external environment affect organizations Goals of OB Correct Answer-Predict, explain, and manage behaviour and events in organizations OB Research Correct Answer-Research is a way of finding out about the world through objective and systematic information gathering. OB researchers follow strict research methods to conduct quality research, separates OB from opinion and common sense Evidence Based Management Correct Answer-Translating principles based on the best scientific evidence into organizational practices, managers decide based on the best available science. EBM is more likely to result in the attainment of organizational goals Reasons to care about OB research Correct Answer-- You're a consumer of OB research through textbooks, business press, professors, etc

A critical perspective is necessary to evaluate interventions
Your knowledge of OB research can enable you to practice EBM Conducting OB Research Correct Answer-- Decide on your research question

Articulate your theory and form your hypothesis. Hypothesis = formal statement of the expected relationship between 2 or more variables. IV/Predictor --> DV/Outcome
Design your study
Collect your data
Analyze data and report findings Independent Variable (IV) Correct Answer-The variable that predicts or is the cause of variation in a dependent variable Dependent Variable (DV) Correct Answer-The variable that is expected to vary as a result of changes to the independent variable Moderating Variable Correct Answer-Variable that affects the nature of the relationship between IV and DV such that the relationship depends on the level of the moderating variable Mediating Variable Correct Answer-A variable that intervenes or explains the relationship between IV and DV Measurement of Variables - Reliability Correct Answer-An index of the consistency of a research subject's responses Measurement of Variables - Validity Correct Answer-An index of the extent to which a measure truly reflect what it's supposed to measure Research Techniques - Observational Design Correct Answer-Listening to what people say and watching what people do in an organization. Ex. kids and marshmallows

Interview
Existing data We get correlational relationships not casual relations from correlational design Relationships between Variables Correct Answer-Correlation: "x is related to y" or "x and y are associated". X and Y change together Casual Relationship: "x leads to y" or "y results from x" or "x predicts y". X changes first then Y changes along with X (temporal precedence)
Knowing the correlation != knowing the casual relationship (what causes what)
Knowing the correlation != knowing why an association exists
Correlation != Causation An Example of Correlational Research Correct Answer-- Hypothesis: employees who perceive their supervisor as friendly and considerate will be more productive than those who perceive their supervisor as unfriendly and inconsiderate
How would you test this hypothesis? Employee survey
Positive correlation graph
Based on this study, should an organization attempt to select friendly supervisors or train existing supervisors to be more friendly to obtain higher productivity?
- No, the relationship is correlational not causal. Supervisors might be friendly if their employees are productive Research Techniques - Experimental Design Correct Answer-In an experiment, a variable (IV) is manipulated or changed under controlled conditions, and the consequence (DV) of this manipulation for some other variable is measured Example of Experimental Design Correct Answer-- Hypothesis: friendly supervision contributes to employee productivity

Chart shows productivity increased and remained higher following the supervisory training program
Control group: a group of research participants who have not been exposed to the experimental treatment
Same chart shows no training control group remained the same productivity thus we can infer that the training affected employee productivity Evaluating the Quality of OB Research Correct Answer-- Internal validity: the extent to which a researcher can be confident that changes in a dependent variable are due to the independent variable
External validity: the extent to which the results of the study generalize to other samples and settings Threats to Internal Validity Correct Answer-- Within a control group, there are many threats to internal validity: selection of participants, testing effects, instrumentation, statistical regression, history, maturation, mortality
Internal validity increases our confidence in concluding that the training treatment was the cause of the improvement in productivity Random Sampling Correct Answer-- Random sampling means that research participants have been randomly chosen from the population of interest
In experiments, randomization means randomly assigning subjects to treatment/control conditions
Random sampling lowers the threats to internal validity Ethics Correct Answer-- Researchers are obliged to do rigorous research and to report that research accurately
The well being of research subjects is important
- Avoid unnecessary deception; inform participants of the research purpose; maintain anonymity and voluntary participation; do not harm to participants

sociable, gregarious, and assertive
Agreeableness
good-natured, cooperative, and trusting
Neuroticism (or emotional stability)
nervous, depressed and insecure under stress Openness to Experience Correct Answer-- Low
practical, routine, conforming, unreflective, crude boorish
repetitive job, nothing new, security blanket/cautious type person
High
imaginative, variety, independent, intellectual, polished, refined
Important for jobs that involve learning and creativity given the tendency to be intellectual, curious, and imaginative Connscientiousness Correct Answer-- Low
disorganized, careless impulsive, undependable, quitting, fickle
High
organized, careful, disciplined, responsible, persevering
Important for job performance on most jobs given the tendency towards hard work and achievement
Particularly strong predictor of performance (strongest cross all job types) Extraversion Correct Answer-- Introverted/low
silent, secretive, cautious, reclusive, sober, reserved
Extraverted/high
talkative, frank/open, adventurous, sociable, fun-loving, affectionate

Important for jobs that require interpersonal interaction and where being sociable, assertive, energetic and ambitious is important for success. Ex. salesmen, social demanding jobs Agreeableness Correct Answer-- Low
- suspicious, ruthless, uncooperative, irritable, jealous, headstrong
High
- trusting, empathic, helpful, good-natured, non-jealous, mild/gentle
Contributes to job performance in jobs that require interaction and involve helping and nurturing others as well as in jobs that involve teamwork and cooperation
In general, if people are agreeable it helps facilitate performance Neuroticism Correct Answer-- Low
- calm, secure, satisfied, poised, composed
High
- anxious, insecure, self-pitying, nervous, excitable
Persons high on emotional stability will have more effective interactions with co- workers and customers as they tend to be more calm and secure 5 Factor Model of Personality - Research Correct Answer-- Replicates across cultures
Each of the "Big Five" dimensions is related to job performance
Best predictors of job performance depends on the occupation
Conscientiousness is the strongest predictor of overall job performance across all occupations
Big 5 related to work motivation, job satisfaction, and life satisfaction
Big 5 predict job search outcomes and career success

tendency to switch
people general have a preference for one but we do use both
have a tendency to use internal for others but external on ourselves for bad situations and vice versa for good situations Self Monitoring Correct Answer-- The extent to which people observe and regulate how they appear in social settings and relationships
High self monitors
take great care to observe and control the images they project
show concern for social appropriate behaviour and social cues, and regulate their behaviour and self presentation accordingly
gravitate to jobs that require role playing and use of self presentation skills
more involved in their jobs, perform better, and are more likely to emerge as leaders
likely to experience more role stress and show less commitment to their organization
more likely to change employers and locations and to receive more promotions Self-Esteem Correct Answer-- The degree to which a person has a positive self- evaluation
People with high self esteem have favourable self-images
People with low self esteem have unfavourable self images Self-Esteem and Behavioural Plasticity Theory Correct Answer-- People with low self esteem tend to be more susceptible to external and social influences than those who have high self esteem
events have people in organizations have more impact on the beliefs and actions of employees with low self esteem

Self-Esteem - Research Correct Answer-- Employees with low self esteem react badly to negative feedback, lowers subsequent performance

People with high self esteem make more fulfilling career decisions and have higher job satisfaction and job performance
- people with high self esteem are more resilient to the strains of everyday work life Positive and Negative Affectivity Correct Answer-- People who are high on positive affectivity (PA) experience positive emotions and moods and view the world in a positive light. Ex. Tigger
People who are high on negative affectivity (NA) experience negative emotions and moods and view the world in a negative light. Ex. Eeyore
- PA and NA are emotional dispositions that predict people's general emotional tendencies Positive and Negative Affectivity - Research Correct Answer-- People with higher PA report:
- higher job satisfaction/performance
- more creative
People with higher NA report:
- lower job satisfaction/performance
- counterproductive work behaviours
- withdrawal behaviours
- occupational injury
People with higher NA experience
- more stressful conditions at work and report higher levels of workplace stress and strain

Core Self Evaluations - Research Correct Answer-- People with more positive CSEs have

higher job satisfaction, life and career satisfaction, and job performance
Individuals with higher CSEs
perceive fewer stressors and experience less stress and conflict at work
Employees with more positive CSEs
experience their job as more intrinsically satisfying and they are more likely to have more complex jobs The Dispositional Approach Correct Answer-- Focuses on individual dispositions and personality
individuals possess stable traits or characteristics that influence their attitudes and behaviours
individuals are predisposed to behave in certain ways The Situational Approach Correct Answer-- Characteristics of the organizational setting influence people's feelings, attitudes and behaviour
many studies have shown that situational factors such as the characteristics of work tasks predict job satisfaction Person-Situation Debate in OB Correct Answer-So what really determines behaviour at work?
Person: individuals are predisposed to behave in certain ways
Situation: characteristics of the organizational setting such as rewards influence people's attitudes and behaviour
Need to understand situational influence systematically

The Interactionist Approach Correct Answer-- OB is a function of both dispositions and the situation

to predict and understand organizational behaviour, we need to know something about an individual's personality and the work setting
Most widely accepted approach to OB Situational Strength Correct Answer-- Situations vary in the range of behavioural responses seen as appropriate Strong Situation Correct Answer-- Clearly defined roles, strong behavioural norms, high predictability due to few appropriate behaviours. Personality is less influential in strong situations
professors teaching lectures
customs
funeral
job interview
library
court Weak Situation Correct Answer-- Loosely defined roles and rules, few external constrains on individuals. Personality has strongest effect in weak situations
shopping
hanging out at home
talking with friends or family
party The Moderating Role of Situational Strength Correct Answer-- high autonomy increases conscientiousness and job performance

operantly learned behaviour is controlled by the consequences that follow it
it is the connection between the behaviour and the consequence that is learned
Law of Effect: people repeat behaviours that bring them satisfaction and pleasure, and stop those that bring them dissatisfaction and pain Operant Learning Theory - Example Correct Answer-The operant = I tell a joke Consequence = Class laughs
the result: I tell more jokes (or fewer if class groans) 4 Learning Processes Correct Answer-- Increase probability of behaviour: 2 ways to reinforce behaviour

Positive reinforcement (to increase/maintain) - adding/presenting pleasant stimulus Ex. an apprentice machinist learns to operate a lathe correctly as the master machinist praises his performance over time
Negative reinforcement (to increase/maintain) - removing/taking away aversive (unpleasant) stimulus Ex. a shipping clerk whose boss is a chronic nagger learns that she has filled an order properly when the boss stops nagging

Decrease probability of behaviour: 2 ways to prevent behaviour

Punishment (to decrease/terminate) - adding/presenting aversive (unpleasant) stimulus Ex. an engineer stops providing suggestions for ways to cut costs because her boss always criticizes the suggestions harshly
Extinction (to decrease/terminate) - removing/taking away pleasant stimulus Ex. a salesperson stops calling on an established customer after making ten visits without a sale

Increasing the Probability of Behaviour - Reinforcement Correct Answer-- Sometimes behaviours are beneficial to the operation of an organization and they need to be reinforced

A reinforcer is a stimulus that follows some behaviour and increases or maintains the probability of that behaviour
- Positive reinforcement: addition of a pleasant stimulus
- Negative reinforcement: removal of an unpleasant stimulus Examples of Increasing the Probability of Behaviour - Reinforcement Correct Answer-PR: giving pleasant stimulus to whoever participates in class
participating behaviour --> consequence (being praised) --> increases --> back to participating NR: removing the aversive consequences (e.g. nagging)
write dissertation --> consequence (stop supervisor nagging) --> increases --> back to writing When Reinforcement Goes Wrong Correct Answer-- Confusing rewards with reinforcement
- rewards are not made contingent on specific behaviour
Neglecting diversity in preferences for reinforcers
- reinforcement is not preferred by the individual
Accidentally reinforcing the wrong behaviour
- cat jumps on doorframe - offer food to come down but received treat so confused it to think it was right

unethical competition --> consequence: stop rewards --> decrease --> back to unethical Using Punishment Effectively Correct Answer-- limit the emotions involved in punishment
make sure the chosen punishment is truly aversive
provide an acceptable alternative response for the punished response ("this is not appropriate. then what?")
punish immediately or reinstate the circumstances surrounding the problem behaviour at a more appropriate time
do not reward unwanted behaviours before or after punishment, and do not inadvertently punish desirable behaviour Social Cognitive Theory Correct Answer-- Earlier we have discussed about how others can be trained to learn because of what someone else does (reinforce, punish, etc) but we can also learn on our own
SCT emphasizes the role of cognitive processes in regulating people's behaviour
People:
learn by observing the behaviour of others, and can regulate their own behaviour by:
thinking about the consequences of their actions
setting goals
monitoring performance
and rewarding themselves
Human behaviour can best be explained through a system of triadic reciprocal causation in which personal factors and environmental factors work together and interact to influence people's behaviour
Bidirectional - people's behaviour also influences personal factors and the environment

Triadic Reciprocal Causation Correct Answer-- With the work environment, person/personality, thinking/feeling, behavioural outcomes

the work environment and person/personality affect each other
the behavioural outcomes affect the work environment and the person/personality Components of Social Cognitive Theory - Observational Learning Correct Answer-- the process of imitating the behaviour of others
- examining the behaviour of others
- seeing the consequences they experience
- thinking about what might happen if we act the same way
- imitating the behaviour if we expect favourable consequences
attractive, credible, competent, high-status people are most likely to be imitated Components of Social Cognitive Theory - Self Efficacy Beliefs Correct Answer-- beliefs people have about their ability to successfully perform a specific task
- it is a cognitive belief that can be changed and modified in response to different sources of information
- influences the activities people choose to perform, the amount of effort and persistence devoted to a task, affective and stress reactions, and job performance
- it's task specific Components of Social Cognitive Theory - Self-Regulation Correct Answer-- the use of learning principles to regulate one's own behaviour
- a key part of the process is people's pursuit of self-set goals that guide behaviour
- discrepancy reduction and discrepancy production lie at the heart of the self- regulatory process

Organizational Behavior and Individual Differences, Exams of Nursing

Related documents

Partial preview of the text

Download Organizational Behavior and Individual Differences and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

BU288 - Midterm 1 questions with correct answers