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1. True or False: RANK-L can be a membrane-bound protein or a soluble protein A) True B) False: A) True 2. What is the function of osteoprotegerin (OPG)? A) Stimulate bone resorption B) Inhibit osteoclastogenesis C) Stimulate osteoclastogenesis D) Stimulate inflammation: B) Inhibit osteoclastogenesis 3. Which of the following is NOT a DEGs? A) Aggrecan B) Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan C) Tenasin oxidase D) Lysyl oxidase like-2: C) Tenasin oxidase 4. 4. True or False: Pannexin-3 (PANX3) is a gap junction structural protein. A) True B) False: A) True 5. What is the role of SEMA4DA A) Promotes osteoblast migration and survival B) Promotes osteoblastogenesis C) Promotes osteoclastogenesis D) Suppresses osteoblastogenesis: D) Suppresses osteoblastogenesis 6. What was the author's purpose of performing this research? A) Identifying DEGs and DEMs with the progression of bone non-union B) Identifying DEGs only that are associated with the progression of bone non-union C) Differentiate between bone union vs bone non-union D) Identifying DEMs only that are associated with the progression of bone non-union: A) Identifying DEGs and DEMs with the progression of bone non-union
7. What were the potential biomarkers identified for bone nonunion in the study? A) Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) B) Differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) C) Both differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) D) Neither differentially expressed genes (DEGs) nor differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs): C) Both differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) 8. What is the proposed mechanism for MiR-193a-3p in bone nonunion? A) Activates osteoclast activity B) Activates ALP and GADPH C) Inhibits osteoblast activity D) Inhibits osteoclast activity: C) Inhibits osteoblast activity 9. True or False: Osteoblasts release OPG to inhibit osteoclastic activity. A) True B) False: A) True 10. What matrix derived coupling factor is activated by acidic pH during osteo- clastic resorption A) Insulin Like Growth Factor Type 1 B) SEMA4D C) S1P D) Transforming Growth Factor B1: A) Insulin Like Growth Factor Type 1 11. repair modeled by ulnar stress fractures and repair mod- eled by femur full fractures exhibited transcriptional profiles through- out repair. A) endochondral, intramembranous, similar B) intramembranous, endochondral, different C) intramembranous, endochondral, similar D) endochondral, intramembranous, different: B) intramembranous, endochon- dral, different 12. The pathway was one of the only few pathways uniquely enriched in stress fracture repair.
C) Lymphocytes D) Neutrophils: D) Neutrophils
19. Which cell is responsible for the catabolic phase of fracture-healing in bone? A) Osteoclasts B) Osteoblasts C) Osteocytes D) Pre-osteoclasts: A) Osteoclasts 20. Increased bone marrow adiposity creates a pro-inflammatory environment that results in A) Decreased susceptibility to fractures B) Increased susceptibility to fractures C) Deposition of adipose into surrounding tissues D) No effect on bone tissue: B) Increased susceptibility to fractures 21. What type of protein structure is scleraxis? A) Loop-sheet-helix B) Helix-loop-helix C) Spaghetti western helix D) Pleated sheet-loop-helix: B) Helix-loop-helix 22. Following a tendon injury, the healing process is very slow and results in scarring. Which type of collagen is present in abnormal quantities during this period? A) Type I B) Type II C) Type III D) Type X: C) Type III 23. Tenocytes from the superficial digital flexor tendon were harvested from what group of individuals? A) Six adult thoroughbreds B) Three thoroughbred foals C) Six thoroughbred aborted fetuses D) All of the above: D) All of the above 24. In the paper "the transcription factor scleraxis differentially regulates gene expression in tenocytes isolated at different developmental stages," gene ontology network and pathway analysis revealed an
overrepresentation of ECM remodeling processes and pathway signaling within both comparisons. A) MAPK
A) Dog B) Cat C) Ferret D) Rabbit: D) Rabbit
30. Accordi ng to the article "Does BMP2 play a role in the pathogenesis of equine degenerative suspensory ligament Desmitis?", replaces due to a defect in glycosylation of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain. A) BMP2 / TGFB- B) TGFB-3 / BMP C) Chondroitin sulfate / dermatan sulfate D) Dermatan sulfate / BMP2: C) Chondroitin sulfate / dermatan sulfate 31. During what time-period(s) in the healing process is the expression of type III collagen promoter gene increased? A) 2 weeks post repair B) 2 and 4 weeks post repair C) 4 weeks prior to repair D) 8 weeks post repair: B) 2 and 4 weeks post repair 32. After tendon repair, when is gene expression for type 1 collagen the highest? A) 4 weeks B) 8 weeks C) 2 and 8 weeks D) Both A and B: A) 4 weeks 33. What does GAPDH produce? A) Proteins essential for cell survival B) Proteins essential for replication C) Proteins essential for DNA synthesis D) All of the above: A) Proteins essential for cell survival 34. True or false? NF-KB gene expression is sporadic throughout tendon repair. A) False
B) True: A) False
A) Flow cytometry
B) Immunostaining C) PCR D) Elisa assay: A) Flow cytometry
40. True or false, the results of the paper suggest that future therapeutics could increase EGR1 expression to improve tendon healing. A) True B) False: A) True 41. Using real-time RT PCR, which of the following were confirmed to be up-regulated in lame cows relative to sound cows? A) IL- B) IL- C) MMP- D) CCR E) All of the above: E) All of the above 42. True/False: The objective of the paper was to search for potential biomark- ers of painful foot lesions in lame dairy cattle using a microarray- based gene expression profiling approach. A) True B) False: A) True 43. What was discovered in connection with their capacity to degrade extra- cellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as collagen and elastin and is expressed in chondrocytes, osteoblasts, periosteal cells, and PBMCs? A) GM-CSF-R-alpha B) IL- C) MMPs D) CCR5: C) MMPs 44. True/False: The PBMC gene expression pattern observed in this paper indicates lame cows suffer from systemic changes consistent with immune system activation. A) True B) False: A) True 45. Where was the blood used in this paper drawn from the cows? A) Cephalic vein B) Jugular vein C) Middle caudal (tail) vein D) Medial saphenous vein: B) Jugular vein 46. What technique was used to examine the various gene expression
A) Delayed time PCR B) Real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) C) Western blot D) A microscope: B) Real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR)
47. In horses that developed laminitis under the CHO model, expression of what gene actually decreased? A) ADAMTS- B) MMP- C) TIMP- D) All of the above: C) TIMP- 48. What does BWE refer to that was used in the study to induce reversible laminitis in the horse? A) Bone wasting elixir B) Black walnut extract C) Bovine weight extender D) None of the above: B) Black walnut extract 49. What role do ADAMs, cell surface proteins, have a part in? A) Inflammatory diseases B) Cartilage degradation C) Embryo development D) All of the above: D) All of the above 50. Expression of which gene was strongly associated with laminitis in the horses tested according to the paper? A) TIMP- B) ADAMTS- C) HORSE- D) ADAMTS-4: D) ADAMTS- 51. Which of these is not a class of metalloproteinases? A. ADAMs B. TIMPs C. MMPs D. ADAMTSs: B. TIMPs 52. What is the primary role of MMPs in laminitis? A. Degrades extracellular matrix proteins B. Ectodomain shedding C. Remodeling & assembly of the extracellular membrane D. ADAMTSs: A. Degrades extracellular matrix proteins 53. Where are the MMPs, ADAMs, ADAMTSs, and TIMPs assessed in the article "Gene expression of metalloproteinases and endogenous inhibitors
in the
B. 66.7%
C. 6.67%
D. 0.67%: C. 6.67%
60. How does stress affect mTOR expression A. Increased expression B. Suppressed expression C. Does not affect the mTOR: B. Suppressed expression 61. In the paper "Enriched Pathways of Calcium Regulation, Cellular/Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Cell Proliferation Characterize Gluteal Muscle of Standardbred Horses between Episodes of Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomy- olysis ", What is the name of the calcium release channel that is modified in RER? A) RYR 1 B) TMT- C) HIF D) DEP: A) RYR 1 62. Which was not a factor when choosing non-control individuals for the study, in the paper "Enriched Pathways of Calcium Regulation, Cellular/Oxida- tive Stress, Inflammation, and Cell Proliferation Characterize Gluteal Muscle of Standardbred Horses between Episodes of Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomy- olysis?" A) RER-susceptibility B)Sex C)Number of previous RER Episodes D)Temperament: D)Temperament 63. Per the paper, "Enriched Pathways of Calcium Regulation, Cellular/Oxida- tive Stress, Inflammation, and Cell Proliferation Characterize Gluteal Muscle of Standardbred Horses between Episodes of Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyol- ysis", What happens with oxidative stress in RER- susceptible horses between rhabdomyolysis episodes? A) Oxidative stress causes rhabdomyolysis in Standardbred horses. B) There is ongoing oxidative stress response with changes in antioxidant- re- lated genes and proteins. C) Oxidative stress response is not observed between episodes of rhabdomy- olysis. D) The study didn't explore oxidative stress in RER-susceptible horses.: B) There is ongoing oxidative stress response with changes in antioxidant-related genes and proteins.
64. What was a significant finding regarding the mitochondrial genes in RER-susceptible horses in the paper "Enriched Pathways of Calcium Regu- lation, Cellular/Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Cell Proliferation Charac- terize Gluteal Muscle of Standardbred Horses between Episodes of Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis?" A) The mitochondrial genes were not affected in RER-susceptible horses. B) The mitochondrial genes showed an increase in expression in RER- suscep- tible horses. C) Numerous mitochondrial genes were downregulated in RER- susceptible horses. D) The study did not investigate the role of mitochondrial genes in RER- sus- ceptible horses.: C) Numerous mitochondrial genes were downregulated in RER-susceptible horses. 65. What did the study in the paper "Enriched Pathways of Calcium Regulation, Cellular/Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Cell Proliferation Characterize Gluteal Muscle of Standardbred Horses between Episodes of Recurrent Ex- ertional Rhabdomyolysis" confirm regarding the molecular characteristics of RER in Standardbred horses? A) The changes were only a result of acute rhabdomyolysis episodes. B) The alterations in gene expression persist in the gluteal muscle of Stan- dardbred horses weeks after an episode of rhabdomyolysis. C) The alterations in gene expression were only observed in French Trotters. D) The study did not find any significant alterations in gene expression.: B) The alterations in gene expression persist in the gluteal muscle of Standardbred horses weeks after an episode of rhabdomyolysis. 66. According to the paper "Hypoxia Promotes Glycogen Accumulation through Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF)-Mediated Induction of Glycogen Syn- thase 1", what is the function of Glycogen Synthase 1 (GYS1)? A) Binds to Hypoxia-Response Element (HRE) B) Metabolism of glucose to pyruvate C) Catalyzes addition of glucose molecules to the glycogen via formation of alpha 1,4 linkages D) Binds Hypoxia-Induced Factor (HIF): C) Catalyzes addition of glucose mole- cules to the glycogen via formation of alpha 1,4 linkages
(HIF)-Mediated Induction of Glycogen Synthase 1?" A) qPCR B) Western Blot C) siRNA D) ELISA: B) Western Blot
68. What gene was found to have significantly increased levels of mRNA in hypoxic environments in the paper "Hypoxia Promotes Glycogen Accumula- tion through Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF)-Mediated Induction of Glycogen Synthase 1"? A) GYS B) HIF C) GYS D) GYS1: D) GYS 69. How did glycogen synthase activity respond to the increase in protein ac- cumulation in the paper "Hypoxia Promotes Glycogen Accumulation through Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF)-Mediated Induction of Glycogen Synthase 1"? A) It increased B) Stayed the same C) It decreased: A) It increased 70. In the paper "Hypoxia Promotes Glycogen Accumulation through Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF)-Mediated Induction of Glycogen Synthase 1" GS activity is a consequence of the amount of protein AND a shift in the activation state. A) True B) False (not a shift in activation state): B) False (not a shift in activation state) 71. According to Aldrich et al., 2021, what percentage of Thoroughbred race- horses develop RER (Recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis)? A) 1-5% B) 3% C) 7% D) 5-10%: D) 5-10% 72. What type(s) of data was/were utilized in the paper 'Pathways of calcium regulation, electron transport, and mitochondrial protein translation are
mol- ecular signatures of susceptibility to recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis in Thoroughbred racehorses'? A) DEP
