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An overview of the skeletal system, including definitions of key terms and descriptions of different types of bones and joints. It also includes detailed notes on the anatomy of specific bones, such as the humerus, ulna, radius, femur, and tibia. likely a set of study notes or a summary of a lab session on osteology.
Typology: Exams
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Definitions: Infra- below Supra- above Epi- above Condyle- convex articular surface Fossa- pit or depression Gelnoid- concave articular surface Trochlea- pully shaped surface tubercle, trochanter, tuberosity- raised rounded protuberance ▪ Made of fused bones that are connected by sutures ▪ Skull ▪ ▪ ▪ ○ Cranial
Wednesday, September 13, 2017 6:54 PM
Houses the upper canines, premolar and molars Rostral half of the arch projecting from the side of the skull □ Zygomatic bone Inside of the orbit cranially Very small Contains opening for tears □ Lacrimal bone Caudual half of the arch Behind zygomatic arch' □ Temporal bone Forming rostral part of the hard palate □ Incisive bone and maxilla Caudal part of the hard palate Extending dorsally to form part of the side wall of the braincase □ Palatine bone Caudual to the palatine Makes thin plates caudual to the hard palate Help form base and sides of braincase □ Sphenoid bone Back of the skull ◊ Passage for spinal cord Foramen magnum ◊ On either side of the foramen ◊ For articulating with atlas Occipital condyles □ Occipital bone Midline element subdividing the nasal cavity □ Vomer Leads into nasal cavity □ Nasal aperture Articular surface where the temporal bone contacts the condyloid process of the mandible
On temporal bone □ Glenoid surface Caudual to the gelnoid In tympanic bulba in carnivores □ External auditory meatus Caudual to the EAM Small protuberance □ Mastoid process Space between the foramina and the zygomatic arch v/ slight depression at the back of the orbit □ Temporal fossa Midline crest on the parietal bones □ Sagittal crest Suture midsagittal at the front □ Two bones that meet at a symphysis Protrudes into the temporal fossa □ Coronoid process Part of the jaw joint, the temporomandibular joint □ Condylar process Vertical part of the mandible □ Ramus Horizontal part of the mandible □ Body Where ramus and corpus meet □ Angle Where the two halves are connected □ Symphysis ▪ Mandible □ paired bones/cartilage □ Sling the larynx from the base of the skull □ Hanging □ On horse and human skeletons ▪ Hyoid apparatus ▪ Vertebrae ○ Post cranial axial skeleton
○ Protects psinal cord
□ Cervical □ Transverse foramen for arteries Vertebrae supporting the head and forming the neck ◊ Supports the skull ◊ Really big "wings" ◊ No centrum ◊ No neural spine ◊ No articular processes Atlas (C1) ◊ Axis of roation Axis (C2) □ Thoracic □ Vertebrae supporting the ribcage Articulations for ribs Long spinous processes Body is kinda heart shaped □ Lumbar □ Vertebrae of the back, supporting the abdomen Big transverse process Shaped like beans Fused vertebrae articulating with the pelvic girdle Left and right articulation surfaces for the pelvis □ Sacral Vertebraue supporting the tail Often lack neural arch, spinous process and transverse processes No articular processes No intervetebral foramina □ Caudal ▪ Ribcage and sternum
Articulates between two ventral bodies at a demifacet
○ Caudal articular process ○ Cranial articular process
□ Curved side is cranial Big pointy □ Spine Above spine Smaller □ Suprasinoous fossae Below spine □ Infraspinous fossae On other side from spine □ Subscapular fossa Projection above glenoid fossa □ Supraglenoid tubercle At end of spine □ Acromoin process Projection behind glenoid process Smaller □ Coracoid process Articular surface for humerus head □ Glenoid fossa □ Humerus ▪ Pectoral limb □ Greater tuberosity
◊Bigger proximal side Greater tuberosity ◊ On inside Head ◊ Smaller ◊ Proximal side Lesser tuberosity ◊ Slight ventral groove along shaft Intertubercular (bicipital) groove ◊ Ridge along shaft ◊ Faces laterally Deltoid ridge ◊ Ridges above condyles Medial and lateral relative to whole body ◊ Only two Medial and lateral epicondyles ◊ Dperession that connects to the radius ◊ Where semi-lunar notch attaches ◊ Smaller fossa Radial fossa ◊ Large fossa ◊ For ulna ◊ Faces caudually Olecranon fossa ◊ Protuberance on side of radial fossa Capitulum ◊ Protuberance on side of radial fossa Trochlea □ Radius Shorter bone ◊ Large proximal protuberance is caudual ◊ Can see fused ulna on outside For large animals ◊ Whole proximal top Head ◊ Little proximal protuberance Bicipital (radial) tuberosity ◊ Protoberance on distal head Styloid process Longer bone On outside □ Ulna
Large cranial wings □ Ilium Outer caudal □ Ischium Inner caudual □ Pubis What femur head rotates in □ Acetabulum □ Obturator foramen Centre raised area where pubis fused □ Pubic symphysis Where pubis and ichium fused □ Ischial symphysis Protuberance □ Tuberosity of the ischium Most cranial □ Crest of the ilium □ Femur ▪ Pelvic limb □ ◊ On inside Head Greater trochanter
◊By head ◊ Bigger one Greater trochanter ◊ By head ◊ Smaller one Lesser trochanter ◊ indentations Lateral and medial condyles ◊ Little hole in medial condyle Intercondylar fossa □ Tibia ◊ Proximal protuberance points cranially ◊ Larger proximal protuberance on outside In large animals Big one On outside ◊ Cranially adjacent to the articulation with the femur ◊ Protrudes out Tibial crest ◊ Points for articulation with femur Lateral and medial condyles ◊ Distal protuberance Medial malleolus Little one On outside ◊ Distal protuberance on the fibula Lateral malleolus □ Fibula □ Tarsal bones □ Metatarsals □ Phalanges □ Sesamoid bones
○ dense, white hard ○ Walls of bone
Fibula and Tibia
Neck: Visceral Compartment From <https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=50YqzPL4&id=E50C0A570B36A530D4223F6307C56FDB027CC &thid=OIP.50YqzPL4iKuVv1aRRQU53wDhEs&q=parotid+gland&simid=608040480513788070&selectedIndex=5&mode=overlay > ○ Carnivore ○ Dorsal to zygomatic arch ○ Main jaw closer
The Face: ○ Runs from the zygomatic arch to the angle of the jaw ○ Large in large animals From < &ccid=VnVOWkIA&id=E4E59F833B772EC4B58A33E72D34B9B39EA70B4F&thid=OIP.VnVOWkIANa6r9hTeSFhttps://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2 - OBwEsDo&q=masseter+muscle&simid=608036945740891933&selectedIndex=4&mode=overlay>
Friday, October 20, 2017 6:02 PM
Mouth and Teeth ○ 'nipping' teeth at the front ○ Cutting skin ○ Holding things gently
