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Ostracoderms Placoderms - Paleontology - Exam, Exams of Geology

Alliance UniversityGeology

These Exam Notes has following key points : Ostracoderms Placoderms, Agnathans, Osteichthyes, Gnathostomes, Chondrichthyes, Depositional Environment, Rocks, Shubin, Transitional Species, Rocks Located

Typology: Exams

2012/2013

Uploaded on 07/19/2013

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Questions for Test 3
Fish and Tetrapods
Define agnathans. Ostracoderms. Placoderms. Gnathostomes. Chondrichthyes.
Osteichthyes.
Give an example of a chordate that is more primitive than a fish; living or fossil.
What is the age of the oldest known definite chordate? What sort of animal is it?
What is the evolutionary origin of teeth in fish?
What is the evolutionary origin of jaws in fish?
Amphibians evolved from which specific group of fish? Give an example of a living
representative of this group.
Make a sketch illustrating the difference in bone arrangement between ray-finned and
lobe-finned fish.
Which came first in fish evolving into tetrapods, lungs or legs? Explain.
How many digits did the first tetrapods have?
Chapter 1
In looking for a transitional species between fish and amphibians, why did Shubin and his
colleagues focus their attention on rocks 375 million years old, and not rocks
either 10 m.y. older or younger?
What was the sedimentary facies, or depositional environment, or the rocks where Shubin
and his colleagues searched for a transitional species between fish and
amphibians? Where were these rocks located?
How did the shape of the head in Tiktaalik differ from that of typical Devonian fish?
Who coined the name Tiktaalik, and what does it mean?
Chapter 2
How does Shubin describe the common plan for the limbs of all animals?
How does the bone arrangement in the base of a typical fish fin differ from that of
lungfish?
How did the limbs of Acanthostega differ from those of Ichthyostega?
Why did Tiktaalik need a functional wrist bone in its front limb?
How did Shubin know that Tiktaalik had large pectoral muscles?
Why does Shubin suggest that Tiktaalik used its limbs to get out of the water?
When did bones and scales first appear in fish?
When did jaws evolve?
Besides eating, what other reasons might there have been for the evolution of jaws?
Reptiles
What is the major anatomical/physiological difference between reptiles and their
amphibian ancestors?
What could have been the ecological reason for the evolution of the amniote egg?
Which subclass of reptiles were ancestral to mammals?
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Questions for Test 3

Fish and Tetrapods Define agnathans. Ostracoderms. Placoderms. Gnathostomes. Chondrichthyes. Osteichthyes. Give an example of a chordate that is more primitive than a fish; living or fossil. What is the age of the oldest known definite chordate? What sort of animal is it? What is the evolutionary origin of teeth in fish? What is the evolutionary origin of jaws in fish? Amphibians evolved from which specific group of fish? Give an example of a living representative of this group. Make a sketch illustrating the difference in bone arrangement between ray-finned and lobe-finned fish. Which came first in fish evolving into tetrapods, lungs or legs? Explain. How many digits did the first tetrapods have?

Chapter 1 In looking for a transitional species between fish and amphibians, why did Shubin and his colleagues focus their attention on rocks 375 million years old, and not rocks either 10 m.y. older or younger? What was the sedimentary facies, or depositional environment, or the rocks where Shubin and his colleagues searched for a transitional species between fish and amphibians? Where were these rocks located? How did the shape of the head in Tiktaalik differ from that of typical Devonian fish? Who coined the name Tiktaalik , and what does it mean? Chapter 2 How does Shubin describe the common plan for the limbs of all animals? How does the bone arrangement in the base of a typical fish fin differ from that of lungfish? How did the limbs of Acanthostega differ from those of Ichthyostega? Why did Tiktaalik need a functional wrist bone in its front limb? How did Shubin know that Tiktaalik had large pectoral muscles? Why does Shubin suggest that Tiktaalik used its limbs to get out of the water?

When did bones and scales first appear in fish? When did jaws evolve? Besides eating, what other reasons might there have been for the evolution of jaws?

Reptiles What is the major anatomical/physiological difference between reptiles and their amphibian ancestors? What could have been the ecological reason for the evolution of the amniote egg? Which subclass of reptiles were ancestral to mammals?

Which subclass of reptiles had only one post-orbital skull opening (not including euryapsids)? Which subclass of reptiles were ancestral to dinosaurs? Which subclass of reptiles had two post-orbital skull openings? What was the name of the flying reptiles?

Dinosaurs Name the two major orders of dinosaurs. What is the morphological basis for separating these two groups? Give an example of a theropod. Sauropod. Saurischian. Ornithiscian. Compare and contrast the blood pressure values between the lungs and the body for animals with a 3-chambered heart and animals with a 4-chambered heart. How does a 3-chambered heart differ from a 4-chambered heart? What is the relationship between systemic blood pressure and the position of the head in tetrapods? How can the density of vascular canals in dinosaur bones be used to support the hypothesis of endothermic dinosaurs? List four lines of evidence for endothermy in dinosaurs. Why do paleontologists think sauropod dinosaurs used gizzards as part of their digestive system? What unique anatomical feature shows that sauropods are more closely related to birds than any ornithiscian dinosaur?

Demonstrate and explain how the Linnean classification system fails to show the evolutionary relationship between birds and dinosaurs, whereas the cladistic classification scheme can show evolutionary relationships. Summarize the morphological evidence for theropod ancestry of birds by making reference to foot bones, wrist and hand bones, and clavicles. Archaeopteryx (Late Jurassic) is about 25 MY older than maniraptoran theropods (Early Cretaceous), their presumed ancestors. Thus, how could the first birds have evolved from theropods? Which group of animals was the first to evolve feathers? What was the probable function of the first feathers? What skeletal features indicate that the maniraptoran theropods are the closest ancestors of birds? Briefly summarize the facts of the “Piltdown Bird” case. How were birds affected by the K/T extinction event?

What is an atavism? What are the three steps in reverse-evolving that Jack Horner proposes for changing a chicken into a dino-chicken? The biologist Matthew Harris thinks that teeth cannot be reversed evolved in chickens. Why?

List two key character differences between New World monkeys and Old World monkeys. Which American state has an extensive fossil record of Eocene primates? If Sahelanthropus is not a human ancestor, what specific living ape might it be related to? If Ardipithecus ramidus were alive today, how would you describe its physical appearance? Give the genus names for both the gracile and robust australopithecines. What was the diet of the robust australopithecines? What two factors are used to recognize the evolution of Homo from earlier hominins? Based on fossil evidence, when did Homo leave Africa for the first time? What species was probably the common ancestor for H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens? Both the oldest and youngest Neanderthal fossils are found in what country? What is the maximum known age of modern human skulls? What is Martin’s hypothesis for the evolution of naked skin in humans?