Other Analysis Methods
Other Methods
Overview
•Review of purpose of Analysis
-Review of Grounded Theory
•Other Approaches
-Content analysis
-Hermeneutics
-Narrative
-Conversational Analysis (CA)
-Ethnomethodology
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Analysis Methods: Grounded Theory, Content Analysis, Hermeneutics, Narrative, Study notes of Computer Science
An overview of various analysis methods used in research, including grounded theory, content analysis, hermeneutics, narrative, conversational analysis, and ethnomethodology. The purpose of analysis, the process of hypothesis generation through grounded theory, and the unique features of each approach. It also touches upon the application of these methods in computer science and their relevance to understanding everyday practices and social interactions.
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Other Analysis Methods
Other Methods
Overview
• Review of purpose of Analysis
- Review of Grounded Theory
• Other Approaches
- Content analysis
- Hermeneutics
- Narrative
- Conversational Analysis (CA)
- Ethnomethodology
Analysis
Review of Objective
• Fieldwork produces
- Voluminous raw data
• Analysis turns this raw data into findings
- Search for patterns in data
- Ideas that help explain why those patterns are there
• Analysis process
- Organise fieldnotes into readable narrative descriptions
- Major themes/categories identified
- Illustrative case studies provide
Analysis
Review of Grounded Theory
• Analysis is process of hypothesis generation
• Grounded Theory
- Induction from the data through open coding
- Migration towards deductive analysis in confirmatory phases of study
Other Approaches
Hermeneutics
• Hermeneutics
- Continuous interpretation of texts
- E.g. constitutional law
- In US you assume that writers of Constitution had things in mind when they wrote it
- Task is to interpret and extract the meaning in light of current circumstances
- Hermeneutic circle
- We recognise and generalise a viewpoint through seeing instances of it
- But can only understand a particular act or artefact with reference to the worldview
- We’re all doing hermeneutics, all the time according to this view!
- Hermeneutic Analysis
- The search for meanings and their inteconnection in the expression of culture
- Requires deep understanding of the culture and the meaning of its symbols
Other Approaches
Narrative and Performance
• Narrative analysis
- Discover the regularities in how people tell stories or give speeches
• Study of timings, pausings, intonations used
- Give text its meaning in speech
- Think of rising tone at end of sentence that means its a question
- Even when it might not be phrased as a question
Other Approaches
Aesthetic/Visual
• Relatively new domains for Computer Science
- Information Art,Visual Communications
• Aesthetics
- Study of art and artistic appreciation
- To what extent is our experience of art similar/different to our experience of nature?
• Sociology of Art
- Study of the production and consumption
• Visual Sociology
- The study of images, also the production of images
Other Approaches
Aesthetic/Visual
• Aesthetics
- Language of Art
- Principle of Variety in Unity
- Principle of Balance
- Principle of Hierarchy
- Language of both Structure and Expression
• Meaning of Images
- What did I mean when I took it
- What was I trying to say
- What did I “read” when I looked at the image
- Who was I in relation to the image’s producer, what did I know about the scene
Common Features
Memos
• Variety of analysis rely on memos
• Memos
- Organise the analyst’s thoughts
- For example, contain a synthesis of a category discovered in Grounded Theory
- Document analyst’s procedures
- For example, explain the coding scheme used (how developed, what codes mean)
• Qualitative analysis of qualitative data
- Is all about writing
Common Features
Diagramming
• Memos sometimes not most effective method
- E.g. drawing relations among various categories
• Diagramming
- Flow charts, conceptual maps
- In other words familiar tools that support qualitative research
- Flow charts
- Document the sequence or flow of actions
- Conceptual maps
- Document how categories fit together
• The key to diagramming
- Apply common sense!
Common Features
Organisation
• Organisation
- Online and offline there’s a significant volume of paper
- Hard to organise
- During analysis it is difficult to know what goes together, which makes filing challenging
• Tips (things that have worked for me)
- Book a conference room for a few days and tell the cleaners not to clean
- Spread everything out and file nothing, keep moving it all around
- Different types of things for different types of notes
- (^) Cards for notes, MSWord for memos, sketchpad for diagrams
Methods in CS
Conversation Analysis
Ethnomethodology
Conversation Analysis
Unique Aspects
• Incredibly detailed transcripts of conversation
- Include not just what was said but
- Pause timings, intonation, organisation so that overlaps can be seen
• Data sessions
- Joint analysis of a small sample of data
- Not exclusive to CA, but enthusiastically embraced in this tradition
- Belief that analysis is stronger when people agree about what’s happening
Conversation Analysis
Computing
• Electronic communications
- Often disrupt the social order of interaction
- Apply Conversation Analysis to find out why
- Hutchby studies of IRC
• Designing new types of communication technology
- Examine CA literature for examples of “good” interaction order
- Apply them to the design of new technologies
- Aoki and Woodruff
Ethnomethodology
Overview
• Ethnomethology
- Ethno - Folk so folk methodology
• What does that mean?
- Everyday people socially reason about a variety of things
- Draw on evidence, use methods to make sense of situations
- Ad hoc practices, dealing with vagueness, etc. rules, making do, wait and see, enough is enough, glossing, let it pass + These types of practices help us all manage our actions and interactions + With each other and with technology
Ethnomethodologists
Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)
• Ethnomethodologists enter the field
- Looking for the practices that help people function
• Ethnomethodologists in CSCW
- Graham Button, John Hughes, Wes Sharrock
- All participated in understanding how technology and people’s everyday practices interact
- Support work of design
- By explaining what it is that people really do and how that could be best supported
Analysis
Summary
• Recapped objective of analysis
• Discussed other analysis techniques
- Content analysis,^ Hermeneutics,^ narrative
• Common features of analysis
• Two analytic perspectives in CS
- Conversation analysis
- Ethnomethodology