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Assignment Brief 1 (RQF) Higher National Certificate/Diploma in Computing Student Name/ID Number: Nguyễn Vĩnh Phúc Unit Number and Title: Unit 2 : Networking Academic Year: 2021 – 2022 Unit Assessor: Van Ho Assignment Title: Networking Infrastructure Issue Date: April 1st, 2021 Submission Date: Internal Verifier Name: Date: Submission Format: Format: ● The submission is in the form of an individual written report. This should be written in a concise, formal business style using single spacing and font size 12. You are required to make use of headings, paragraphs and subsections as appropriate, and all work must be supported with research and referenced using the Harvard referencing system. Please also provide a bibliography using the Harvard referencing system. Submission ● Students are compulsory to submit the assignment in due date and in a way requested by the Tutor. ● The form of submission will be a soft copy posted on http://cms.greenwich.edu.vn/. ● Remember to convert the word file into PDF file before the submission on CMS. Note: ● The individual Assignment must be your own work, and not copied by or from another student. ● If you use ideas, quotes or data (such as diagrams) from books, journals or other sources, you must reference your sources, using the Harvard style. ● Make sure that you understand and follow the guidelines to avoid plagiarism. Failure to comply this requirement will result in a failed assignment. Unit Learning Outcomes:
LO1 Examine networking principles and their protocols. LO 2 Explain networking devices and operations. Assignment Brief and Guidance: Assignment scenario You are employed as a network engineer by Nguyen Networking Limited, a high-tech networking solution development company, which has branches in Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, Da Nang and Can Tho. The company has been contracted to implement a networking project from a local educational institute. The specification of the project is given below:
- People: 200 students, 15 teachers, 12 marketing and administration staff, 5 higher managers including the academic heads and the programme managers, and 3 computer network administrators.
- Resources: 50 student lab computers, 35 staff computers, and 3 printers.
- Building: 3 floors, all computers and printers are on the ground floor apart from the IT labs – one lab located on the first floor and another located on the second floor. Task 1 The CEO of the company, Mr. Nguyen, has asked you to investigate and explain networking principles, protocols and devices and submit a report. You will need to produce a report that includes the following:
- An introduction to provide an overview of your report.
- Benefits and constraints of different types of networks and networking standards.
- The impact of network topology, speed of communication and bandwidth requirements.
- Effectiveness of networking systems.
- Discussion on operating principles of networking devices and server types and networking software.
- Discuss the relationship of workstation hardware with networking software.
- Explore a range of server types and justify the selection of a server, considering a given scenario regarding cost and performance optimization.
- For the given specification, identify the topology protocol for the efficient utilization of a networking system.
Table of Contents
- Assignment Brief 1 (RQF)
- Higher National Certificate/Diploma in Computing
- P1. Discuss the benefits and constraints of different network types and standards.
- 1.What is the network?.....................................................................................................................
- 2.Three very common types of networks include
- 3.The benefit of three types Network...............................................................................................
- The benefit of (LAN):
- The benefit of (WAN):
- The benefit of (MAN):
- 4.Constraint of network....................................................................................................................
- 5.What is network protocol?
- 6.What is a network protocol?
- 7.List some protocol.
- 8.International Networking Standards Organizations
- P2. Explain the impact of network topology, communication and bandwidth requirements.
- 1.What is network topology?
- 2.Discuss impact of network topology.
- 3.What is physical topology?
- 4.What is logical topology?
- 5.The difference between physical topology and logical topology
- 6.The popular topologies..................................................................................................................
- 7.What is network communication?...............................................................................................
- 8.Explain the rules of the network and why these rules are needed.
- 9.Why these rules are needed.
- 10.What is bandwidth?
- 11.Why is the required bandwidth important for networks?
- P3. Discuss the operating principles of networking devices and server types.
- 1.Routers
- How routers operate in a network.
- 2.Switches
- How switches operate in a network.
3.The common networking devices. .............................................................................................. 12 Gateway ..................................................................................................................................... 12 Modem ....................................................................................................................................... 12 Hub ............................................................................................................................................. 12 4.The common types of servers. .................................................................................................... 12 DHCP ......................................................................................................................................... 12 The illustrative example of DHCP. ............................................................................................ 13 DNS ............................................................................................................................................ 13 The illustrative example of DNS. .............................................................................................. 13 P4. Discuss the inter-dependence of workstation hardware with relevant networking software. ..... 13 1.The meaning of inter-dependence of workstation hardware with networking software. ............ 13 2.The illustrative example of this term. ......................................................................................... 13 3.The define workstation hardware and networking software. ...................................................... 14 4.Explain the interdependence between hardware and software. .................................................. 14 5.The examples for demonstration hardware and software. .......................................................... 14 References .......................................................................................................................................... 15 P1. Discuss the benefits and constraints of different network types and standards. 1.What is the network? A computer network is a consolidation of computers in sync through networked devices and media in a structured aspect and these computers communicate with each other. About going along with the report will confession of networking principles, protocols along with devices, including benefits and constraints of networked explanation in the network, the impact of network topology, communication and bandwidth qualification, the capability of networking systems, operating principles of networking devices, and server types and networking software. 2.Three very common types of networks include Local Area Network (LAN)
It helps in cost-effective sharing of common resources such as printer etc. It helps people interface fast LANs together. 4.Constraint of network. A constraint network represents a mathematical relationship between several variables, and is able to compute the value of any one of these variables given the values of all the others. There are two types of nodes in a constraint network: cells and constraints. 5.What is network protocol? A network protocol is an established set of rules that determine how data is transmitted between different devices in the same network. Essentially, it allows connected devices to communicate with each other, regardless of any differences in their internal processes, structure or design. 6.What is a network protocol? Protocols provide us with a medium and set of rules to establish communication between different devices for the exchange of data and other services. Protocols are needed in every field like society, science & technology, Data Communication, media, etc. 7.List some protocol. List some common protocols such as: (IP): Standardized by IEEE in 1974, this protocol is responsible for addressing and fragmenting data packets in digital networks. Its goal is to ensure the successful delivery of packets from source to destination. (HTTP): The Hypertext Transfer Protocol is the foundation of the World Wide Web (WWW) and is used to load web pages using hypertext links. HTTP is an application layer protocol, which allows the user to see a user-friendly interface designed to transfer information between networked devices. It is the protocol helping applications to communicate with the users. DHCP, ICMP and so on. 8.International Networking Standards Organizations American National Standards Institute (ANSI): ANSI is the main organization responsible for coordinating and publishing computer and information technology standards in the United States. Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA): The EIA is an international industry association that is best known for publishing electrical wiring and transmission standards. European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI): An organization with members from dozens of countries both within and outside Europe that is dedicated to developing telecommunications standards for the European market (and elsewhere). National Committee for Information Technology (NCITS): A committee established by the ITIC to develop and maintain standards related to the information technology world. NCITS was formerly known by the name Accredited Standards Committee X3, Information Technology, or more commonly, just X3. It maintains several sub-committees that develop and maintain standards for various technical subjects.
P2. Explain the impact of network topology, communication and bandwidth requirements. 1.What is network topology? Network protocols are official standards and policies compromised of rules measures and formats that describe communication between two or more devices over a network. Network protocols govern the end-to-end process of appropriate secure and managed data or network communication. 2.Discuss impact of network topology. This topology allows for dynamic network routing, meaning that traffic has multiple paths it can travel across. This means that if one network node goes down, data can take another route to reach its destination; this reduces the effect disabled devices have on network performance. 3.What is physical topology? A local area network's linked structure is referred to as its physical topology. The physical topology of a network is made up of the manner and kind of cables used to link the physical devices to one another. 4.What is logical topology? The architecture of the communication method for every node in a network is defined by a notion called a logical topology in networking. The logical topology of a network can be dynamically maintained and changed using network hardware like routers and switches. 5.The difference between physical topology and logical topology Physical topology as Contrasted with Logical Topology The simplest approach to categorize topologies in networking is into two types. The first is known as physical topology, while the second is known as logical topology. Physical topology explains how the network is structured, whereas logical topology describes the communication method used by devices on the LAN to transmit data. 6.The popular topologies. Bus topology: Here are advantages of using a bus topology: Since the cost of the cable is significantly lower than that of other topologies, it is frequently utilized to construct tiny networks. Famous for their low cost and simplicity of installation, LAN networks. When a network installation is modest, straightforward, or transitory, it is frequently employed. One of the passive topologies, it is. Computers on the bus don't really move data from one computer to another; instead, they just listen for it when it is sent. Here are disadvantages of using a bus topology: In case if the common cable fails, then the entire system will crash down. When network traffic is heavy, it develops collisions in the network. Whenever network traffic is heavy, or nodes are too many, the performance time of the network significantly decreases. Cables are always of a limited length.
A mesh topology is robust. It has multiple links, so if any single route is blocked, then other routes should be used for data communication. P2P links make the fault identification and isolation process easy. It helps you to avoid the chances of network failure by connecting all the systems to a central node. Every system has its privacy and security. Disadvantages: Installation is complex because every node is connected to every node. It is expensive due to the use of more cables. No proper utilization of systems. Complicated implementation. It requires more space for dedicated links. Because of the amount of cabling and the number of input-outputs, it is expensive to implement. It requires a large space to run the cables. Tree topologies: Advantages: These are benefits of tree topology: Failure of one node never affects the rest of the network. Node expansion is fast and easy. Detection of error is an easy process It is easy to manage and maintain Disadvantages: These are drawback of tree topology: It is heavily cabled topology If more nodes are added, then its maintenance is difficult If the hub or concentrator fails, attached nodes are also disabled. Hybrid topology: combines two or more topologies. Advantages: Offers the easiest method for error detecting and troubleshooting Highly effective and flexible networking topology It is scalable so you can increase your network size Disadvantages: The design of hybrid topology is complex It is one of the costliest processes.
7.What is network communication? A set of protocols (guidelines and standards) that enable application programs to communicate with one another regardless of the hardware and operating systems on which they are run are referred to as network communication or internetworking. Application programs can communicate via internetworking regardless of their physical network connections. 8.Explain the rules of the network and why these rules are needed. Junction-junction : connectivity rules govern the establishment of a connectivity association between two-point features that are not necessarily geometrically coincident or between two junction objects. This rule type supports terminal connectivity. Junction-junction connectivity rules are created between classes at the asset group and asset type levels these rules build on top of existing feature restrictions for valid connectivity associations. Junction-edge : connectivity rules support line end connectivity to a device or junction object with terminals. Network features with terminals cannot be placed midspan. Establishing a connection midspan along a line or edge object to a point or junction object with terminals requires a nonterminal point feature or junction object to be placed midspan, respectively. Rules are an important component of data quality. When used in conjunction, network rules and attribute rules help maintain data integrity. 9.Why these rules are needed. The primary purpose of any network is to provide a method to communicate and share information. From the earliest primitive human societies to the most advanced technological societies of today, sharing information with others has been crucial for human advancement. All communication begins with a message or information, that must be sent from one individual or device to another. The methods used to send, receive, and interpret messages change over time as technology advances. 10.What is bandwidth? The amount of data that can be transmitted quickly from one location to another inside a network is known as bandwidth. Typically, bandwidth is expressed as a bitrate and measured in bits per second (bps) or megahertz (Mbps). 11.Why is the required bandwidth important for networks? Having access to sufficient bandwidth is crucial when using VoIP or WebRTC services. When making calls, you can suffer speech quality issues that could lead to choppy voice, unanticipated problems, and a bad user experience if you do not have adequate bandwidth or available bandwidth. P3. Discuss the operating principles of networking devices and server types. 1.Routers First of all, when talking deeply about the router we have to understand the basics. A router is a device that facilitates communication between your home's internet-connected gadgets and the internet. It "routes" traffic between the devices and the internet, as its name suggests. The foundation of your home's internet network is a router. It enables connections to your home Wi-Fi for your laptop, smartphone, smart TV, and other devices.
The illustrative example of DHCP. The DHCP employs a connectionless service model, using the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). It is implemented with two UDP port numbers for its operations which are the same as for the bootstrap protocol (BOOTP). UDP port number 67 is the destination port of a server, and UDP port number 68 is used by the client. DHCP operations fall into four phases: server discovery, IP lease offer, IP lease request, and IP lease acknowledgment. These stages are often abbreviated as DORA for discovery, offer, request, and acknowledgment. DNS A DNS server is a computer server that contains a database of public IP addresses and their associated hostnames, and in most cases serves to resolve, or translate, those names to IP addresses as requested. DNS servers run special software and communicate with each other using special protocols. The illustrative example of DNS. The process of DNS resolution involves converting a hostname (such as www.example.com) into a computer-friendly IP address (such as 192.168.1.1). An IP address is given to each device on the Internet, and that address is necessary to find the appropriate Internet device - like a street address is used to find a particular home. When a user wants to load a webpage, a translation must occur between what a user types into their web browser (example.com) and the machine-friendly address necessary to locate the example.com webpage. P4. Discuss the inter-dependence of workstation hardware with relevant networking software. 1.The meaning of inter-dependence of workstation hardware with networking software. Diskless workstations have their operating systems on the server. When a workstation needs to use a network component like a printer, the server will have to communicate with that network component. The server has to communicate on behalf of all the diskless workstations. This can lead to congestion and an increase in traffic. Furthermore, all network computers that use the server hard disk, CPU, memory, and workstation (client) hardware must wait until the server hardware provides the requested data, So the bottom line is that deploying diskless workstations or network computers on the network will increase the interdependence of workstation hardware. As a result, it is critical to install dependable hardware and software components in the server, as well as to implement backup and redundancy techniques. Essentially, computer software controls computer hardware. These two components are complementary and cannot act independently of one another. For a computer to effectively manipulate data and produce useful output, its hardware and software must work together. 2.The illustrative example of this term. An iPod is used to play recorded music in the form of an MP3. In order to listen to the recorded music, you need three things: an iPod, a speaker, and the MP3 file. In this analogy, both the iPod and the speaker are examples of hardware. The MP3 file, in this case, would represent software. Without the iPod or the speaker, you would not be able to listen to the MP3. By the same token, the iPod and the speaker would be worthless without the MP3 files to play.
3.The define workstation hardware and networking software. Hardware: The part of the information system that you can touch; the physical components of the technology. Software: The set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do. When programmers create software programs, what they are really doing is simply typing out lists of instructions that tell the hardware what to do. Software can come in many forms, including the operating system and application software. There are many types of application software as well. For example, word processing or spreadsheet applications are productivity software, and antivirus programs installed on a computer are an example of utility software. 4.Explain the interdependence between hardware and software. Computer hardware is essentially under the direction of computer software. These two elements must work together since they are complimentary and cannot function apart. A computer's hardware and software must cooperate in order for it to process data effectively and provide valuable results. Computer hardware is meaningless without software. On the other hand, computer software needs accompanying hardware in order to function. Similarly, running computer software requires first loading it into the hardware of the device. The two primary kinds of software are operating systems and applications. 5.The examples for demonstration hardware and software. To demonstrate it most clearly, that is a typical PC. We constantly use it daily. It also creates from the software and hardware a system program for us. The external hardware includes a keyboard, mouse, trackpad (or touchpad), touchscreen, joystick, microphone, light pen, webcam, and speech input. They have to implement the software that is handled in the system. A set of instructions or programs that tell a computer what to do or how to perform a specific task (computer software runs on hardware). It includes application software: word processing, spreadsheets, presentation, database management, Internet browsers, email programs, media players, accounting, pronunciation, translation, desktop publishing, enterprise.
