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PALS 2025 Heartcode EXAM, Exams of Nursing

Johns Hopkins University (JHU)Nursing

PALS 2025 Heartcode EXAM complete

Typology: Exams

2025/2026

Available from 06/30/2026

Prof.-Robert-Atkins
Prof.-Robert-Atkins 🇺🇸

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PALS 2025 Heartcode EXAM 2024-2025
What is the priority in initially managing arrhythmias? - ANSWER>>The
initial management of both stable and unstable arrhythmias are identical to
the treatment for any critically-ill child. Begin with the support of the airway,
breathing, and circulation and treating the underlying cause of the
arrhythmia.
What are the causes of secondary bradycardia? - ANSWER>>Hypoxia,
hypotension, hypothermia, acidosis, drugs.
What are the causes of primary bradycardia? - ANSWER>>Congenital or
acquired heart conditions.
What are the ECG characteristics of bradycardia? - ANSWER>>P wave
and QRS may be unrelated.
Heart rate slow for age.
QRS may be narrow or wide.
In what patients would asymptomatic bradycardia not be problematic? -
ANSWER>>A well-conditioned athlete.
A healthy child who is sleeping.
Define bradycardia. - ANSWER>>A heart rate that is:
- slow for normal range
- activity
- clinical condition
What is the leading cause of symptomatic bradycardia? -
ANSWER>>Tissue hypoxia.
What is the dose for epinephrine? - ANSWER>>Epinephrine every 3-5
mins
- 0.01 mg/kg IV
- 0.1 mg/kg ETT
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PALS 2025 Heartcode EXAM 2024- 2025

What is the priority in initially managing arrhythmias? - ANSWER>>The initial management of both stable and unstable arrhythmias are identical to the treatment for any critically-ill child. Begin with the support of the airway, breathing, and circulation and treating the underlying cause of the arrhythmia. What are the causes of secondary bradycardia? - ANSWER>>Hypoxia, hypotension, hypothermia, acidosis, drugs. What are the causes of primary bradycardia? - ANSWER>>Congenital or acquired heart conditions. What are the ECG characteristics of bradycardia? - ANSWER>>P wave and QRS may be unrelated. Heart rate slow for age. QRS may be narrow or wide. In what patients would asymptomatic bradycardia not be problematic? - ANSWER>>A well-conditioned athlete. A healthy child who is sleeping. Define bradycardia. - ANSWER>>A heart rate that is:

  • slow for normal range
  • activity
  • clinical condition What is the leading cause of symptomatic bradycardia? - ANSWER>>Tissue hypoxia. What is the dose for epinephrine? - ANSWER>>Epinephrine every 3- 5 mins
  • 0.01 mg/kg IV
  • 0.1 mg/kg ETT

In what conditions is atropine preferred over epinephrine as 1st choice treatment of symptomatic bradycardia? - ANSWER>>When the bradycardia is due to:

  • excessive vagal tone
  • cholinergic drug toxicity, e.g. organophosphates
  • complete AV block (primary bradycardia) What is the dose for atropine? - ANSWER>>Atropine 0.02 mg/kg IV What clinical findings may be present in a child with tachyarrhythmia? - ANSWER>>Syncope, light-headedness, palpitations. If bradycardia persists after initial treatment, and HR < 60 /min, what is the next step? - ANSWER>>Begin CPR. Where can tachyarrhythmias originate? - ANSWER>>In the atria or ventricles. What sinus tachycardia usually develop? - ANSWER>>The body needs increased cardiac output. What are the characteristics of atrial flutter? - ANSWER>>- Atrial rate 300 /min or higher
  • Venticular rate often slower
  • Can occur in congenital heart disease
  • A narrow-complex tachyarrhythmia What is the initial treatment of bradycardia with cardiopulmonary compromise? - ANSWER>>Provide BVM ventilation, with 100% oxygen. How is tachycardia defined? - ANSWER>>A heart rate that is fast for the child's age.
  • Infant < 220 /min
  • Child < 180 /min P waves are present and normal Heart rate varies with activity What is considered an initial management priority in managing tachyarrhythmias? - ANSWER>>Assess and support the airway, oxygenation and ventilation. Attach continuous ECG monitor, defibrillator and pulse oximeter Obtain 12-lead ECG if practical NOTE: although algorithm states IV access is part of initial management, this is not part of accepted answer! What ECG characteristic is consistent with ventricular tachycardia? - ANSWER>>Wide QRS complex, > 0.09 sec What is the appropriate initial cardioversion dose? - ANSWER>>0.5 - 1 J/kg What are the signs of cardiac arrest? - ANSWER>>No pulse. Unresponsive. Agonal gasps. For stable patients with regular wide-complex, and monomorphic tachycardia, consider - ANSWER>>adenosine Venticular fibrillation is associated with - ANSWER>>no organized heart rhythm and no coordinated contractions. What does optimal post-cardiac arrest care include? - ANSWER>>Identifying and treating organ system dysfunction.

What is considered part of post-cardiac arrest care? - ANSWER>>Ensure adequate analgesia and sedation. Correct acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. Provide adequate oxygenation and ventilation. What are the most common initial rhythms in both in-hospital and out-of- hospital cardiac arrest? - ANSWER>>PEA Asystole Oxygen should be titrated to maintain a pulse ox saturation of - ANSWER>> 94 - 99% What are the initial steps of treating asystole/PEA? - ANSWER>>CPR IV access Epinephrine Consider advanced airway What can cause secondary brain injury? - ANSWER>>Hyperthermia Hypotension Hypoglycemia Hypoxia