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Pance Endocrinology - Final Test Review (Qns & Ans) - 2026 , Exams of Nursing posterior - ANSWERwhere in the pituitary are ADH/Vasopressin and oxytocin made? anterior - ANSWERWhere in the pituitary are the majority of the hormones made Hyperprolactinemia - ANSWERmost common cause is a prolactinoma (benign); however should always rule out secondary causes prolactinoma - ANSWERmost common cause of hyperprolactinemia; dx is through MRI of pituitary and hypothalamus; tx; attempt medications first (Cabergoline), if do not work, then try transsphenoidal pituitary surgery cabergoline - ANSWERmedication which can be used to treat a prolactinoma
acromegaly - ANSWERexcess growth hormone after the closure of the epiphyses; usually due to pituitary adenoma gigantism - ANSWERexcess growth hormone before the closure of epiphyses; usually due to a pituitary adenoma IGF-1 and GH - ANSWERwhat two labs are elevated in both gigantism and acromegaly achondroplasia - ANSWERlimbs are disproportionally short compared to the trunk; autosomal dominant pituitary dwarfism - ANSWERshort statue with proportional body parts due to deficiency of growth hormone antidiuretic hormone - ANSWERhelps maintain water retention in the body; stimulated by angiotensin II
- created within the hypothalamus but is stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary diabetes insipidus - ANSWERdeficiency of ADH/vasopressin causing increased thirst and large quantities of urine with a low specific gravity (diuresis effect)
- sx: extreme christ, especially for ice water labs: hypernatremia, hyperuricemia tx: desmopressin
Tx: levothyroxine antithyroid peroxidase Ab or antithyroglobulin Ab - ANSWERantibodies which are seen in Hashimoto's thyroiditis thyroid cancer - ANSWERpainless mass, "cold nodule" on scan
- most commonly papillary carcinoma papillary carcinoma - ANSWERWhat is the most common form of thyroid cancer? anaplastic carcinoma - ANSWERwhat is the least common form of thyroid cancer but is most aggressive and has the worst prognosis calcitonin - ANSWERunique tumor marker for medullary thyroid cancer calcitonin - ANSWERdecreases serum calcium by inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption parathyroid hormone - ANSWERincreases serum calcium levels and decreases serum phosphorus hyperparathyroidism - ANSWERexcessive production of parathormone leading to frank hypercalcemia with low-normal phosphorus increased alk phos
- most commonly caused by a single parathyroid adenoma
Bones, stones, abdominal grains, psychic moans and fatigue overtones shortened QT interval - ANSWERwhat is classically seen in hyperparathyroidism due to hypercalcemia hypoparathyroidism - ANSWERhyposecretion of the parathyroid glands s/sx: tetany, muscle cramps, carpopedal spasms, paresthesias around mouth, hands and feet labs: low serum calcium, high serum phosphate 600 units - ANSWERwhat is the recommended daily intake of vitamin D ricketts - ANSWERVitamin D deficiency in children osteomalacia - ANSWERVitamin D deficiency in adults
- inadequate calcium mineralization s/sx: periosteal bone pain, painful proximal muscle weakness labs: increased ALP paget disease of bone - ANSWERfocal disorder of bone remodeling that leads to greatly accelerated rated of bone turnover
- ALP is markedly elevated ALP - ANSWERwhat lab is markedly elevated in paget disease of bone
Cosyntropin stimulation test - ANSWERtest used to diagnose addison's disease pheochromocytoma - ANSWERtumor of the adrenal medulla causing abnormal secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine
- paroxysms of hypertension, headache, perspiration, palpitations and tremor dx: plasma/urine metanephrines, CT or MRI tx: surgery, medications such as alpha blockers, CCB and BB virilization - ANSWERthe development of male physical characteristics (such as muscle bulk, body hair, and deep voice) in a female or precociously in a boy, typically as a result of excess androgen production. diabetes mellitus - ANSWERinappropriate hyperglycemia due to either a deficiency of insulin and or insulin resistance criteria:
- fasting glucose > or equal to 126
- random plasma glucose > or equal to 200 with symptoms of hyperglycemia
- glycosylated hemoglobin > 6.5%
- 2 hour glucose tolerance test of > or equal to 200 type 1 diabetes mellitus - ANSWERdecreased or absent insulin production
- immune mediated, starts most commonly in children and young adults s/sx: polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia associated with celiac sprue
type 2 diabetes mellitus - ANSWERoccurs predominantly in adults; insulin resistance- sufficient insulin to prevent ketacidosis but inadequate amount of prevent hyperglycemia DKA is rare, but hyperosmolar hyperglycemia state metabolic syndrome - ANSWERmultiplex risk factor that arises from insulin resistance accompanying abnormal adipose deposition and function criteria: 3 of the following:
- central obesity; waist >40 in in men, > 35 in in women
- triglycerides greater than or equal 150
- HDL < 40 in men, <50 in females
- BP > or equal to 135/
- fasting blood sugar > 100
