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Pandora’s Box
Featured Patron God: Zeus
Background: Has your curiosity ever got you into trouble? Have you ever been so desperate to know a
secret that you took no notice of a warning? All through history there are stories of people being told
not to open doors, caskets, cupboards, gates and all sorts of other things and, in so many of the
stories, the people just did not listen. One person who did not listen was Pandora. Her story comes
from Ancient Greece and her curiosity brought a whole heap of trouble!
In ancient Greece there were two brothers named Epimetheus and Prometheus. They upset the gods
and annoyed the most powerful of all Gods, Zeus, in particular. This was not the first time humans
had upset Zeus, and once before, as punishment, he had taken from humans the ability to make fire.
This meant they could no longer cook their meat and could not keep themselves warm.
However, Prometheus was clever and he knew that, on the Isle of Lemnos, lived Hephaestus, the god
who was a blacksmith. He had a fire burning to keep his forge hot. Prometheus travelled to Lemnos
and stole fire from the blacksmith. Zeus was furious and decided that humans had to be punished
once and for all for their lack of respect.
Zeus came up with a very cunning plan to punish the two brothers. With the help of Hephaestus, he
created a woman from clay. The goddess Athena then breathed life into the clay, Aphrodite made her
very beautiful and Hermes taught her how to be both charming and deceitful. Zeus called her
Pandora and sent her as a gift to Epimetheus.
His brother Prometheus had warned him not to accept any gifts from the gods but Epimetheus was
completely charmed by the woman and thought Pandora was so beautiful that she could never cause
any harm, so he agreed to marry her.
Zeus, pleased that his trap was working, gave Pandora a wedding gift of a beautiful box. There was
one very, very important condition however, that she must never opened the box. Pandora was very
curious about the contents of the box but she had promised that she would never open it.
All she could think about was; what could be in the box? She could not understand why someone
would send her a box if she could not see what was in it. It seemed to make no sense at all to her and
she could think of nothing else but of opening the box and unlocking its secrets. This was just what
Zeus had planned.
Finally, Pandora could stand it no longer. When she knew Epimetheus was out of sight, she crept up
to the box, took the huge key off the high shelf, fitted it carefully into the lock and turned it. But, at
the last moment, she felt a pang of guilt, imagined how angry her husband would be and quickly
locked the box again without opening the lid and put the key back where she had found it. Three
more times she did this until, at last, she knew she had to look inside or she would go completely
mad!
She took the key, slid it into the lock and turned it. She took a deep breath, closed her eyes and
slowly lifted the lid of the box. She opened her eyes and looked into the box, expecting to see fine
silks, gowns or gold bracelets and necklaces or even piles of gold coins.
But there was no gleam of gold or treasure. There were no shining bracelets and not one beautiful
dress! The look of excitement on her face quickly turned to one of disappointment and then horror.
For Zeus had packed the box full of all the terrible evils he could think of. Out of the box poured
disease and poverty. Out came misery, out came death, out came sadness - all shaped like tiny
buzzing moths.
The creatures stung Pandora over and over again and she slammed the lid shut. Epimetheus ran into
the room to see why she was crying in pain. Pandora could still hear a voice calling to her from the
box, pleading with her to be let out. Epimetheus agreed that nothing inside the box could be worse
than the horrors that had already been released, so they opened the lid once more.
All that remained in the box was Hope. It fluttered from the box like a beautiful dragonfly, touching
the wounds created by the evil creatures, and healing them. Even though Pandora had released pain
and suffering upon the world, she had also allowed Hope to follow them.
King Midas and the Golden Touch
Featured Patron God: Dionysus
Background: King Midas is one of the most known and controversial personas in the Greek
Mythology. King of Phrygia, Midas, was known for his wisdom but also his greed. Although
one of the most known kings of his time, a fanatic lover of the Arts and Culture, creator of a
gorgeous rose garden, Midas was known to be extremely greedy, trying to accumulate the
largest amount of money and wealth in the known world.
According to the Greek myth, God Dionysus found himself in Phrygia once,
followed by a group of Satyrs and other creatures that were always celebrating
and feasting with him. Silenus, one of the Satyrs, entered the sacred Rose garden
of Midas and the guards brought the intruder to the King.
Midas recognized the follower of Dionysus and decided not to punish him,
especially since Silenus decided to stay at the court entertaining Midas with
frantic stories about the pleasures of life. God Dionysus was pleased with Midas
and his decision not to punish Silenus, thus asked Midas what he wanted the most
from his life – in order to return the favor.
Midas said that he wished everything he touched could turn to gold. Although
Dionysus warned Midas about the potential dangers of such a wish, Midas
insisted on it and Dionysus granted him with the infamous Midas Touch.
Midas was thrilled with the gift because he could turn everything to gold, soon
though, he realized that he was unable to eat, drink or do anything normally, since
everything he touched would turn to Gold. Midas started understanding the
warnings of Dionysus and the depth of his mistake and greed.
Midas went to Dionysus, desperate, and begged him to free him from this “curse”.
Dionysus told Midas that he had to go and bathe in the River Paktolos ( Pactolus )
in order to wash away this ability.
Midas indeed went to Paktolos river and washed himself; according to the myth
the gold settled in the sand of the river and was carried to another country of the
East, Lydia , that became one of the richest countries of the ancient world.
Helios and Phaethon: The Sun Chariot
Featured Patron God: Helios
Background: Some people say it was Apollo who brought up the sun each day. Some people
insist it was Helios. Still others believe Helios and Apollo were the same god. That's the thing
about myths. It all depends on who is telling the story.
As one story goes ....
Phaethon (Fay-ton) was the son of Helios. Both father and son had curly golden hair and
sparkling bright eyes. Both bragged about the other all the time.
Helios thought his son was the brightest and bravest kid in the world. He named his son Phaethon
(Fay-ton), because Phaethon meant "brilliant" in the ancient Greek language.
Phaethon (Fay-ton) was equally proud of his Dad. He thought his Dad had the most important
job in the world. His Dad's job was to bring out the sun each day. If the sun did not come up, the
crops would die and everyone would starve.
Each morning, the Hours, his Dad's servants, would harness four white horses to the most
splendid golden chariot. It was so splendid that it even had a nickname. The people called it The
Sun Chariot.
Each morning, without fail, his Dad would leap aboard his golden Sun Chariot and begin his
perilous journey across the sky. (It's not easy to haul a burning sun behind a chariot, even a
special golden one, without getting burnt yourself.) No matter how tired he was, or how jarred by
the jerking of the chariot, his Dad always managed to reach every corner of the earth, to bring
light and warmth to all the crops and all the people and everything on earth every single day.
In the evening, after his Dad had tucked the sun out of sight, to give the sun time to rekindle, he
returned home, weary but content. Each evening, he would gather his beloved son and his equally
beloved wife and daughters, and together they would watch the moon appear in the sky. The next
morning, without fail, his Dad would leap again aboard his glowing chariot, and fly off to bring
out the sun.
Phaethon bragged about his father to anyone who would listen, and even sometimes to those who
were not listening at all. He bragged about the golden chariot. He bragged about the four wild
horses. He bragged that one day his father would let him drive the chariot across the sky.
Phaethon bragged so much that after a while his friends no longer believed him. They knew his
Dad brought up the sun. But they did not believe his Dad would turn over such an important job
to a mere boy, not even for one day. The job was too important to risk.
First, his friends began to tease Phaethon. Then, after a while, his friends began to scatter away as
Phaethon approached. They were tired of his incessant bragging.
Phaethon begged his father to let him drive. He knew he was ready. He knew he could handle the
horses. He knew he could do the job without getting burnt. But mostly, he wanted to prove to his
friends that his father trusted him enough to give him the reins. Finally, one evening, exhausted
by his son's perpetual pleading, his father said yes.
The Magical Rocks
Featured Patron God: Ares
Background: Ares was the god of war. He was true royalty as far as the gods were
concerned. His parents were the king and queen of the ancient Greek god world. His
father was Zeus and his mother was Hera. Ares was tall. He was handsome. He was
mean. He was self-centered. Nobody liked him much.
Ares best friend was Eris, the spirit of disagreement. The two often traveled together,
and they often brought the spirits of Pain, Panic, and Famine (starvation, pronounced:
fam-in) with them. When the ancient Greeks went to war, Ares often got involved. He
did not care who won or lost a battle. He just liked bloodshed. His best friend, the
spirit Eris, did not care that much about bloodshed, but she loved to cause
disagreement - the angrier, the better. The pair of them were nothing but trouble.
As the story goes .... Once upon a time, a long time ago, Ares, the Greek god of
war, was fighting against the Greeks in a field in the northernmost tip of ancient
Greece. The field was on the border of Macedonia (mass-uh-dohn-ia), a country to
the north. The Macedonians (mass-uh-dohn-ians) were forever crossing the line,
trying to conquer the Greek city-states, one at a time. Ares kept a close eye on that
field as a many a battle had been fought there. Ares did not wish to miss a good
battle. Athena, goddess of wisdom, saw her half-brother, screaming and shouting
happily, as the Greeks died around him. Athena believed the Greeks cause was just,
as they were simply defending their home. She picked up a rock and threw it as
hard as she could at Ares. Ares wasn't paying attention as usual. He was busy
enjoying the bloodshed. The rock knocked him out cold. When he woke up, the
battle was over. The Greeks had won! Ares never knew it was his sister, Athena,
who had knocked him out of the battle!
After that, nobody knows how but somehow, a rumor started that the great god Ares
had been attacked by a magical rock! Nobody listened to the rumor, nobody that is
except two young brothers. The brothers owned the field where battles kept
happening. It was very hard to grow crops while men were fighting. The boys had
grown into giants! Well, not giants perhaps, but certainly tall and manly and strong.
The boys quietly collected a huge stack of heavy rocks, hoping one of them would be
a magical rock. Their neighbors thought they were building a wall to help protect
their field from the Macedonians. But actually, they were waiting for Ares. They
knew Ares would show up sooner or later, because Ares loved bloodshed, and many
a battle had been fought in their field. Ares was bound to keep checking. Sure
enough, one day, they spotted the great god Ares in their field! They threw rocks at
him. They were very fortunate that one of their rocks hit Ares and knocked him out
cold before Ares noticed what they were doing. The boys quickly stuffed Ares into a
huge vase and plugged the top securely.
Ares was stuck in that vase for a very long time. And for a very long time, the
brothers lived a peaceful life. No battles were fought. Their crops flourished. Their
neighbors to the north became their friends. Ares might still be in that vase today if
one of the brothers had not bragged to a neighbor about what they had done. The
god Hermes heard about it. (Sooner or later, Hermes heard about
everything.) Hermes rescued his brother, not that Ares said thank you. But Ares
never came back to that field, thinking perhaps that the tale of magical rocks was
true! Besides, there were many other fields in ancient Greece, and many other
battles. As long as there was bloodshed to enjoy somewhere, Ares was happy.
Not knowing what else to do, Zeus had to agree. Hera sent the cow away under guard.
Zeus arranged for Io to be rescued and set free. He sent his son Apollo to sing the guard asleep. When
the guard closed his eyes, Io ran away.
When Hera heard about it, she sent a gadfly after Io. A gadfly is a fly that bites. Io screamed, when the
gadfly found her. Io swam across a sea, hoping the gadfly would drown on the trip. No such luck,
although Hera did name the sea between Greece and Rome after Io. Perhaps you've heard of it - the
Ionian Sea?
Feeling very sorry for herself, a dispirited Io traveled next to Egypt. It was then that Hera decided that Io
had suffered enough. First, she made Zeus promise that he would never see Io again. Then she changed
Io back into human form, and left her in Egypt. Egypt was a dismal place for a river nymph. There are
crocodiles in the Nile.
The Story of Medusa and Athena
Once upon a time, a long time ago there lived a beautiful maiden named Medusa. Medusa
lived in the city of Athens in a country named Greece -- and although there were many
pretty girls in the city, Medusa was considered the most lovely.
Unfortunately, Medusa was very proud of her beauty and thought or spoke of little
else. Each day she boasted of how pretty she was and each day her boasts became more
outrageous.
On Sunday, Medusa bragged to the miller that her skin was more beautiful than fresh fallen
snow. On Monday, she told the cobbler that her hair glowed brighter than the sun. On
Tuesday, she commented to the blacksmith’s son that her eyes were greener than the
Aegean Sea. On Wednesday, she boasted to everyone at the public gardens that her lips
were redder than the reddest rose.
When she wasn’t busy sharing her thoughts about her beauty with all who passed by,
Medusa would gaze lovingly at her reflection in the mirror. She admired herself in her
hand mirror for an hour each morning as she brushed her hair. She admired herself in her
darkened window for an hour each evening as she got ready for bed. She even stopped to
admire herself in the well each afternoon as she drew water for her father's horses -- often
forgetting to fetch the water in her distraction.
On and on Medusa went about her beauty to anyone and everyone who stopped long
enough to hear her -- until one day when she made her first visit to the Parthenon with her
friends. The Parthenon was the largest temple to the goddess Athena in all the land. It was
decorated with amazing sculptures and paintings. Everyone who entered was awed by the
beauty of the place and couldn’t help but think of how grateful they were to Athena,
goddess of wisdom, for inspiring them and for watching over their city of
Athens. Everyone, that is, except Medusa.
When Medusa saw the sculptures, she whispered that she would have made a much better
subject for the sculptor than Athena had. When Medusa saw the artwork, she commented
that the artist had done a fine job considering the goddess's thick eyebrows -- but imagine
how much more wonderful the painting would be if it was of someone as delicate as
Medusa.
And when Medusa reached the altar she sighed happily and said, “My this is a beautiful
temple. It is a shame it was wasted on Athena for I am so much prettier than she is –
perhaps some day people will build an even grander temple to my beauty.”
Medusa’s friends grew pale. The priestesses who overheard Medusa gasped. Whispers ran
through all the people in the temple who quickly began to leave -- for everyone knew that
The Reason for Seasons - Demeter & Persephone
Zeus, the king of all the gods, had two brothers and three sisters. Each had an important job. His sister,
Demeter, was in charge of the harvest. If Demeter did not do her job, the crops could die, and everyone
would starve. It was important to keep Demeter happy. Everyone helped out with that - both gods and
mortals. It was that important.
As the story goes ....
Demeter loved her little daughter, Persephone. They played together in the fields almost every day. As
Persephone smiled up at her mother, Demeter's heart swelled with happiness, and the crops grew high
and healthy. Flowers tumbled everywhere. As time passed, Persephone grew into a lovely goddess.
That's when the trouble started.
Hades, the king of the underworld, was a gloomy fellow. He normally hung out in the Underworld.
One day, Hades felt restless. He decided to take his three-headed dog out for a chariot ride. Cerberus,
his dog, usually stood guard at the gate to Underworld. But Hades gave his pup a break now and then.
He scooped up Cerberus, and left a couple of spirits in charge instead.
Hades flew his chariot up to earth. Cerberus leaped out of the chariot and ran around, sniffing flowers
with all three of his heads. The dog ran up to a lovely young woman, the goddess Persephone. Some
people might have been startled if a three-headed dog came tearing up. But Persephone only laughed
and scratched his heads.
Hades loved that old dog. He watched his dog playing happily with Persephone. He heard Persephone's
delighted laugh. Hades fell deeply in love. Before anyone could stop him, he grabbed his niece, his
dog, and his chariot and dove deep into the darkest depths of the Underworld.
Hades locked Persephone in a beautifully decorated room in the Hall of Hades. He brought her all
kinds of delicious food. Persephone refused to eat. She had heard if you ate anything in Hades, you
could never leave. She had every intention of leaving as soon as she could figure out how to do so.
Over a week went by. Finally, in desperate hunger, Persephone ate six pomegranate seeds. She
promptly burst into tears.
She was not the only one crying. Demeter, her mother, missed her daughter terribly. She did not care if
the crops died. She did not care about anything except finding her daughter. No one knows who told
Zeus about it, but it was clear this could not go on. Zeus sent his son Hermes to work a deal with
Hades.
This was the deal Hermes worked out: If Persephone would marry Hades, she would live as queen of
the Underworld for six months each winter. In the spring, Persephone would return to earth and live
there for six months. No one especially liked the deal, but everyone finally agreed.
Every spring, Demeter makes sure flowers are blooming and crops are growing and the fields are green
with welcome. Every fall, when Persephone returns to the underworld, Demeter ignores the crops and
flowers and lets them die. Each spring, Demeter brings everything to life again, ready to welcome her
daughter's return. To the ancient Greeks, that was the reason for seasons - winter, spring, summer, fall.
THE MYTH OF HERACLES (Hercules)
Heracles (Heir-uh-cleez) was the greatest of the mythological Greek heroes. He was famous for his incredible
strength, courage, and intelligence. Hercules is his Roman name. The Greeks called him Heracles (Heir-uh-
cleez).
Birth of Heracles
Heracles was a demigod. This means that he was half god, half human. His father was Zeus, king of the gods,
and his mother was Alcmene (Alc-may-nay), a beautiful human princess. Even as a baby Heracles was very
strong. When the goddess Hera, Zeus' wife, found out about Heracles, she wanted to kill him. She snuck two
large snakes into his crib. However, baby Heracles grabbed the snakes by the neck and strangled them with
his bare hands!
Growing Up
Zeus loved his little son. He figured that sooner or later Hera might actually find a way to kill little Heracles.
Heracles mother, Alcmene, tried to raise him like a regular kid. He went to school like mortal children,
learning subject like math, reading, and writing. Heracles went to live in the hills where he worked as a cattle
herder. He enjoyed the outdoors. One day, when Heracles was eighteen years old, a massive lion attacked his
herd. Heracles killed the lion with his bare hands.
Heracles is Tricked
Heracles married a princess named Megara. They had a family and were living a happy life. This made the
goddess Hera angry. She tricked Heracles into thinking his family was a bunch of snakes. Heracles killed the
snakes only to realize they were his wife and kids. He was very sad and riddled with guilt.
Oracle of Delphi
Heracles wanted to get rid of his guilt. He went to get advice from the Oracle of Delphi. The Oracle told
Heracles that he must serve King Eurystheus – Heracles’ cousin – for 10 years and do any task the king asked
of him. If he did this, he would be forgiven and wouldn't feel guilty any more & he would become immortal,
the Oracle did not explain what “immortal” meant – would he live forever or be known forever? The tasks the
king gave him are called the Twelve Labors of Heracles.
The Twelve Labors of Heracles
Eurystheus was an evil man. He thought everyone wanted to steal his crown, especially Heracles. Hera helped
Eurystheus design 12 Labors (missions or tasks) that Heracles had to complete. The king did not like Heracles
and wanted him to fail. Each time he made the tasks more and more difficult.
- Slay (kill) the Lion of Nemea – The lion was more of a monster than an ordinary lion. Spears or arrows
could not penetrate its skin. Heracles blocked off the entrances to the lion's cave and throttled it to
death with his bare hands. He wore the lion's skin as a cloak.
- Slay the Lernean Hydra - Heracles was to seek out and destroy the many-headed Hydra. Some said that
the Hydra had eight or nine heads, while others claimed as many as ten thousand.
- Capture the Golden Hind of Artemis – A hind is a female deer, but this one was special because it had
golden horns. It was sacred to Artemis, goddess of hunting, so Heracles dared not wound it.
- Capture the Boar of Erymanthia - Heracles located the boar after a year and managed to drive it into a
snowbank, immobilizing it. Flinging it up onto his shoulder, he carried it back.
- Clean the entire Augean stables in one day - Instead of using a shovel and a basket as Eurystheus
imagined, Heracles diverted two rivers through the stable yard and got the job done – cleaning up
manure & filth – without getting dirty.
- Slay the Stymphalian Birds – These birds either feasted on human flesh, killed men by shooting them with
feathers of brass or were just annoying because of the great number of them.
- Capture the Bull of Crete - Although the beast belched flames, the hero overpowered it and shipped it back
Name: ____________________________ Date: _________________ Period: _______
Greek Mythology
Title of Greek Myth you read: ______________________________________________________
CHARACTERS: List the main characters of your myth. Explain their purpose/role in the story.
Summary: Summarize the main events and
happenings of the myth in your own words. You
summary should be at least 4 sentences.
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Purpose : Come up with a couple of
reasons why the Ancient Greeks would
tell and share the myth you read. Think
about: Does it teach any moral lessons?
Does it help explain Greek mythology?
Why would humans want to tell this
story?
