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Understanding Bottom-Up & Top-Down Processing in Speech Perception - Prof. John Ryalls, Study notes of Speech-Language Pathology

University of Central Florida (UCF)Speech-Language Pathology
Prof. John Ryalls

The concepts of bottom-up and top-down processing in speech perception using the analogy of linguistic levels. It discusses various examples of speech errors and their implications for both bottom-up and top-down processes. The document also touches upon the role of parallel processing in speech perception and its relation to the computer as a model for the brain.

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2013/2014

Uploaded on 12/04/2014

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CH.10
Parallel Distributed Processing Models: Bottom-Up Versus Top-Down
Bottom-up versus top-down
Review schematic of Linguistic levels
oThis is a somewhat more detailed ‘map’ of the second-to-meaning
process. Simply remember:
What is it that arrives to the ears is at the bottom of the
perception/recognition/comprehension hierarchy then you won’t mix
up the order or the terms ‘bottom-up’ and ‘top-down’
Our ears are lower on our heads than our “brain”
Going from sound to meaning is basically what is being illustrated here
1. How does ‘bottom-up’ differ from ‘top-down’?
a. Was traditional study of speech perception ‘bottom-up’ or ‘top-down’?
i. ‘bottom-up’, in other words going from the acoustic signal to
‘meaning’ or word recognition
“Speech Fiance” instead of “Speech Science”
oSelection of a /f/ phoneme for a /s/ phoneme
oThis is possible because both are voiceless fricative
oThey differ in the feature of place of articulation
pf3
pf4

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CH.

Parallel Distributed Processing Models: Bottom-Up Versus Top-Down

Bottom-up versus top-down  Review schematic of Linguistic levels o This is a somewhat more detailed ‘map’ of the second-to-meaning process. Simply remember:  What is it that arrives to the ears is at the bottom of the perception/recognition/comprehension hierarchy then you won’t mix up the order or the terms ‘bottom-up’ and ‘top-down’  Our ears are lower on our heads than our “brain”  Going from sound to meaning is basically what is being illustrated here

  1. How does ‘bottom-up’ differ from ‘top-down’? a. Was traditional study of speech perception ‘bottom-up’ or ‘top-down’? i. ‘bottom-up’, in other words going from the acoustic signal to ‘meaning’ or word recognition  “Speech Fiance” instead of “Speech Science” o Selection of a /f/ phoneme for a /s/ phoneme o This is possible because both are voiceless fricative o They differ in the feature of place of articulation

 /f/ is labio-dental and /s/ is alveolar o These two would be minimal pairs if ‘fience’ were a word but it is not a word. There is another word of English which closely resembles this word. What word in English is close to “fience”?  Finance  The speaker may have mis-selected the /f/ sound instead of the /s/ sound, but correctly produced it. Or is it possible that the speaker correctly selected the right phoneme, but incorrectly produced the phoneme, so that the place of articulation changed from alveolar to labio-dental o Speakers errors typically are close to their intended targets, usually they are only a single phonetic feature away  What was one of the piece of the pieces of evidence for top-down processes that was discussed in this chapter? o The fact that listener’s sometimes “fill-in” missing phonemes—phonemic restoration. That whether a sequence of phonemes is a real word or not. In other words, using phonotactics, or phonology to decide whether or not the utterance is actually a word of the language or not.  So in the example, of the speech error of ‘fience’ for ‘science’ does this error VIOLATE the phonotactic constraints of the English language?  No it does not.  What is pointed out about the ‘computer as a model for the brain’ metaphor?

o This will mean that, in some cases, listeners can recognize and begin producing a word before the last syllable has even been heard! o In fact, Marslen has claimed in the ‘cohort-model’ that words are recognized just as soon as all other possible candidates have been eliminated. It will take a subject longer to recognize a word when there are a lot of similar sounding words (at least in the beginning portion) and less time when there are few similar-sounding words  What is the clinical impact of top-down influences in speech perception? o It helps explain why children with hearing loss don’t immediately catch up with their hearing peers once their audition has been augmented by a hearing aid.  Understanding top-down influences may help us develop better strategies for speech-language therapy  Where are top down effects stronger, at the beginnings of words, or near the ends of words?  Why at the end of words? o Because at the beginning of words, listeners are dependent on the acoustic signal, as more and more candidates are eliminated and sufficient sound information has been gathered, the listener can turn attention to what word makes sense in a particular context