Electromagnetic Field Theory
IA-1
PARTICLE ACCELERATORS
By
1813045 - Raj Sanghani
1813046 - Vimal Sardhara
1813050 - Manan Shah
1813057 - Aditya Shenoy
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
Prepare for your exams
Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points to download
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
Guidelines and tips
Prepare for your exams
Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points to download
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
Particle Accelerators: Role of Large Hadron Collider in Scientific Discoveries, Assignments of Physics
This report provides an insightful look into particle accelerators, their history, working principle, applications, and a detailed case study of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Discover how these advanced scientific instruments have led to significant discoveries in particle physics and the origins of the universe.
Typology: Assignments
2020/2021
1 / 6
This page cannot be seen from the preview
Don't miss anything!
Related documents
Partial preview of the text
Download Particle Accelerators: Role of Large Hadron Collider in Scientific Discoveries and more Assignments Physics in PDF only on Docsity!
Electromagnetic Field Theory
IA-
PARTICLE ACCELERATORS
By
1813045 - Raj Sanghani
1813046 - Vimal Sardhara
1813050 - Manan Shah
1813057 - Aditya Shenoy
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
ABSTRACT
In this report, we take a brief insight into what particle accelerators are, how they came into being, what they are used for, what is the working principle behind them and what are the future prospects regarding them. We also take an indepth look at the Large Hadron Colliders, one of humanity’s biggest and most ambitious scientific endeavour, a significant piece in the puzzle of solving the mystery of what the universe is made up of, how it started and the new things that await to be discovered.
INTRODUCTION
A Particle Accelerator is a device which uses electromagnetic fields to propel charged particles or ions to high speeds and contain them in well defined paths in the form of beams. There are two basic classes of accelerators: electrostatic and oscillating field accelerators. Electrostatic accelerators use static electric fields to accelerate particles, Oscillating field accelerators use radio frequency electromagnetic fields to accelerate particles, and circumvent the breakdown problem.When the particles are sufficiently energetic, a phenomenon that defies the imagination happens : the energy of the collision is transformed into matter in the form of new particles, the most massive of which existed in the early Universe. This phenomenon is described by Einstein’s famous equation E=mc^2 , according to which matter is a concentrated form of energy, and the two are interchangeable. / The Large Hadron Collider is the most powerful accelerator in the world. It boosts particles, such as protons, which form all the matter we know. Accelerated to a speed close to that of light, they collide with other protons. These collisions produce massive particles, such as the Higgs boson or the top quark. By measuring their properties, scientists increase our understanding of matter and of the origins of the Universe. These massive particles only last in the blink of an eye, and cannot be observed directly. Almost immediately they transform (or decay) into lighter particles, which in turn also decay. The particles emerging from the successive links in this decay chain are identified in the layers of the detector.
HISTORY
In 1930, Cockcroft and Walton built a 200,000 volt transformer and accelerated protons along a straight line to test for a phenomenon known as Gamow's tunneling. This was the first particle accelerator. Their attempt to observe the phenomenon failed, and they concluded that
pipes – two tubes kept at ultrahigh vacuum. They are guided around the accelerator ring by a strong magnetic field maintained by superconducting electromagnets. The electromagnets are built from coils of special electric cable that operates in a superconducting state, efficiently conducting electricity without resistance or loss of energy. This requires chilling the magnets to ‑271.3°C – a temperature colder than outer space. For this reason, much of the accelerator is connected to a distribution system of liquid helium, which cools the magnets, as well as to other supply services.
Thousands of magnets of different varieties and sizes are used to direct the beams around the accelerator. These include 1232 dipole magnets 15 metres in length which bend the beams, and 392 quadrupole magnets, each 5–7 metres long, which focus the beams. Just prior to collision, another type of magnet is used to "squeeze" the particles closer together to increase the chances of collisions. The particles are so tiny that the task of making them collide is akin to firing two needles 10 kilometres apart with such precision that they meet halfway.
The detailed working of the LHC is illustrated in this video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FLrEghnKncA
ACCELERATOR APPLICATIONS
Science Research
- ParticlePhysics
- NuclearPhysics
- Astrophysics
- Probing materialstructure
- Biosciences
- Microscopy
- Artifactdating
- Light sources (includesX-ray)
- Neutronsources
- Lasers
Medicine Imaging Isotopeproduction Cancer Radio therapy Environment Radioactive waste treatment
Accelerators
Energy Production Controlled nuclear fusion
Industry
Ion implantation Food Sterilization Nanotechnology