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PATH INTL CTRI STUDY GUIDE PRACTICE
QUESTIONS
While preparing a horse that has been in a therapeutic riding program for many years, the instructor observes that the animal's bursa and deep digital flexor tendon areas are inflamed. The horse does not shoe any signs of lameness. What is MOST LIKELY the cause? A. Carpitis B. Capped Elbow C. Dorsal metacarpal disease D. Windpuffs - Answers - Windpuffs
From the picture below, what is the proper foot falls for an equine at the trot? - Answers
While warming up an equine at the trot, the instructor observes the horse's head pop up and then drop down dramatically and uncharacteristically and with the rhythm of the trot. What is happening? A. When a lame foot strikes the ground, the horse's head pops up. When a sound foot strikes the ground, the horses head drops. B. When a sound foot strikes the ground, the horses head pops up. When a lame foot strikes the ground, the horses head drops C. When a horse has an energetic trot, the head movement is much more pronounced. D. When a horse has an energetic trot, the horses head will drop when the rider's outside leg is too far behind the girth - Answers - When a lame foot strikes the ground, the horse's head pops up. When a sound foot strikes the ground, the horses head drops
A horse leader is taking an equine in the ring for a warm-up. The instructor notices the equine is walking behind the horse leader and is taking narrow, shortened steps. What is MOST LIKELY the issue to address? A. Abcess B. Sidebone C. Navicular Syndrom D. Arthritis - Answers - Arthritis
During a lesson, the instructor observes that an equine is swishing its tail, nipping at people, and pinning its ears. These behaviors could likely indicate any of the following EXCEPT: A. Unbalanced Rider B. Incorrect Handling by Leader C. Increased Enrichment in class D. Gaving too many people in Space - Answers - Increased enrichment in class
A participant is sweating, breathing rapidly and refusing to comply with directions. What is the MOST LIKELY cause of this behavior A. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder B. Anxiety C. Sensory processing disorder D. Bipolar disorder - Answers - Anxiety
Why is an atlantoaxial instability test required for participants with Down syndrome? A. Physician indicates if the heart is healthy enough for activity. B. Physician indicates if vertebra spacing is safe for activity. C. Physician indicates if gastrointestinal abnormalities prevent activity. D. Physician indicates if immune disorders prevent activity - Answers - Physical indicates if vertebra spacing is safe enough for activity
When teaching a volunteer to support a rider, all of the following are appropriate supports EXCEPT:
a. thigh hold b. ankle hold c. thigh and ankle hold d. thigh and hip hold - Answers - Thigh and Hip hold
An instructor is teaching a horse leader proper procedures for an emergency dismount. What does the horse leader do during this event? a. Stay with the equine. b. Stay with rider. c. Unclip from the horse. d. Tie off from the horse. - Answers - Stay with the Equine
All of the following responsibilities can be conducted by trained volunteers EXCEPT: a. physical warm-up of equines b. mounting and dismounting c. soundness check d. cooling off of equines - Answers - Soundness Check
What is the BEST strategy an instructor can use to ensure they are teaching each component of a new skill? A. State clear and detailed verbal instructions. B. Perform task analysis of the skill. C. Use knowledgeable coaches to provide prompting when needed. D. Videotape a lesson and have a peer provide feedback. - Answers - Perform Task Analysis of the skill
What is hypertonia? a. Decreased muscle tone b. Increased muscle tone
What is the best way to evaluate a participant's posture? a. Front b. Back c. Sided. d. All angles - Answers - All Angles
You have a student who is short in stature coming to ride with you at a specific time when the only available saddle is clearly going to be too big for the student. What position will they likely present? a. Anterior Position b. Balanced/Neutral Position c. Posterior Position d. Chair Seat - Answers - Chair Seat
Dudley, a 16-year-old quarter horse, has arrived in the arena a few minutes before his assigned lesson with his horse leader, Maggie.As the instructor is completing the set-up of arena equipment, she observes as Maggie warms Dudley up at walk and trot in hand.Dudley appears to be stiffer than usual in the hind end at the trot.The instructor coaches Maggie to walk and trot Dudley more forward, which will allow him to loosen up before his rider mounts. The lesson plan for the day includes four trot poles. However, based on how Dudley is presenting in his warm-up, the instructor modifies her set-up to reduce the demands on the horse's hind end. After the lesson, the instructor shares her observations of Dudley's stiffness with the barn manager for further evaluation.
What are two other choices that the instructor could have made regarding Dudley's Stiffness? - Answers - Two other options for managing Dudley's stiffness are removing him from the lesson or allowing more time for warm-up before mounting.
Richard is a 10-year-old rider with autism who is riding Jack, a 17-year-old Haflinger gelding. Richard is very excited to trot, which causes him to bounce on Jack's back during transition to the trot. The instructor observes that Jack is nipping at his horse leader. The horse handler moves his hand up to hold Jack's halter as a defensive response to the nipping behavior. The instructor identifies three corrections that need to be made to address Jack's biting behavior and the safety of the horse handler based on her observations. First, the instructor gives the rider a verbal correction to let Richard know that his bouncing is making his horse uncomfortable. Additionally, the instructor has Richard trot in half-seat position to increase the weight bearing input he is getting andto reduce the impact of his self-stimulation behaviors on the horse. Once the rider's behavior has been addressed, the instructor coaches th - Answers - benefit from a variety of interventions to prevent burnout: exercise by a skilled rider outside of the arena, an evaluation of equipment fit, chiropractic/acupuncture/massage treatment, a week off from therapeutic riding lessons.
An instructor and equine manager are searching for an equine to carry adult riders. They are considering a 16-hand draft cross mare who is 20 years old. She has been an event horse and is retiring from that career due to a tendon injury in her right front leg. The injuryhas been rehabbed and the horse is back to work doing light trail riding. When evaluating the mare's conformation, the instructor notes that the horse has three balanced parts (neck and shoulder, back and barrel, hindquarters) and a wide spring of ribs. Her hind legs are placed close together and she is cow hocked, which is typical of most work horse breeds. She has windpuffs on both hind legs, likely due to her conformation in relation to jumping. The mare's front legs are square under her chest and straight. Her feet are of good quality and she is only shod up front; however, she is clubfooted on the right, which may have caused her tendon injury. A - Answers - The mare described has three balanced parts with a wide spring of her rib, which is indicative of a strong back. Additionally, at 16 hands this mare is not too tall for use of sidewalkers should they be required for those riding her.
Joe is an 11-year-old boy with the diagnosis of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). His characteristics include difficulty processing auditory input, decreased self- esteem and low frustration tolerance, which result in use of inappropriate language and non- compliance with requests. To set Joe up for success in his lesson, he rides Vixen, a forward moving, 16.1 hand draft cross mare that is safe and cooperative for independent riders. Vixen's forward movement helps hold Joe's attention by giving him constant balance challenges. The mare's size earns Joe's respect and builds his confidence when he can ride such a large horse effectively. Joe rides in a close-contact English saddle, which encourages him to constantly engage his core to maintain his position in the saddle. He uses a regular English bridle with leather reins to give him safe control over a forward moving horse when working off the lead line - Answers - Individuals with learning disabilities, intellectual disabilities or Asperger's syndrome may require the CTRI to implement similar behavioral techniques as described in this scenario
Molly is a 13-year-old girl with cerebral palsy. She is a typical pre-teen in many ways, including a strong desire to be independent and not be "different" from her peers. She has been riding for two years, and as she gets older and taller, she has started to have difficulty mounting and dismounting. Until recently, Molly has been mounting over the croup from a mounting block with her foot in the stirrup, and then dismounting over the croup of her horse to the ground. During both the mount and dismount, her muscle tone increases significantly, and she and the instructor have great difficulty getting her right leg over the horse. To honor Molly's desire to be independent and "normal," a minor modification was made to her mount.By using a mounting block with a higher platform, Molly simply swings her right leg over the croup of the horse without putting her foot in the stirrup and with minimal assistance from the instr - Answers - benefit from a horse with a narrow build and smooth gait to accommodate her high muscle tone and resulting reduced range of
What: Posting the trotWhy: Posting the trot is more comfortable for both the rider and the horse. Where: Down both long sides of the arenaHow/Task Analysis: Eyes forward Shoulders over hips Heels down Hands on reins above the pommel of the saddle Stand up Sit down Continue to stand and sit in a 1-2 rhythm For the riders to progress in their skill development, the instructor must provide postural corrections during the lesson. Postural corrections are most effective when they include a "why" explanation. "Sarah, continue to look forward while you post; it will help with your balance." "Kim, sit gently in the saddle so your horse is comfortable when you trot." "Sean, bend your elbows to help you keep your hands off the saddle." "Riders, keep your heel under your hip when you rise out of - Answers - What = Walk/Halt Transition How = Eyes up Sit tall Say "whoa" Pull reins back to hips Horse stops Move hands and reins forward Why = Riders can stop their horses if they get too close to one another.
For Sarah, Kim and Sean, learning to post the trot in rhythm is one step in their skill progression toward their shared goal of becoming independent riders at the walk and trot. All three riders started the current session of lessons being able to walk and halt their horses without the help of a horse leader. Each rider works with one sidewalker who is there to help focus attention and increase understanding of instructions within the group. Here is the progression of riding skills that Sarah, Kim and Sean are working on: ÎDirect rein steering at the walk with a horse leader and a sidewalker.Î Direct rein steering at the walk with the lead line unclipped and a sidewalker.Î Direct rein steering at the walk with a spotter only.Î Direct rein steering at the walk independe ntly.Î Sitting trot in balance with the help of the horse leader and a sidewalker.Î Two - point at the walk with the help of the horse leader and - Answers - Sarah, Kim and Sean could learn two- point at the trot and move right to posting without learning the sitting trot. Riders could also learn the mechanics of posting at the walk and then move to posting at the trot.
Melissa is a 40-year-old woman who has horses of her own. She is tall and physically fit and is confident with a variety of horses. As a volunteer, Melissa is matched with Vixen, a forward moving draft cross. Vixen is a mare and has a tendency to test leaders by getting in their space. Melissa is leading Vixen for a rider who is a teenager identified as at risk who spends much of her lesson off the lead line and trotting.
Chris is a 70-year-old woman who trail rode in her younger years and is volunteering because she wants to spend time with horses again. She has attended several leader trainings to continue to develop her skills because she can be a bit passive with the horses. Physically, she has a hard time with lots of fast-paced movement. Chris is paired with Geyser, who is an aged, straightforward, 13.2 hand gelding. Geyser and Chris work together with a rider with physical challenges who does limited trotting. - Answers - Melissa would also be suited to lead a horse that needs a strong leader to keep a rider with significant challenges safe. Chris might be helpful as a barn assistant, making sure horses are readyon time for their lessons and well cared for after they work. Maura could work with an adult with Down syndrome who needs frequent repetition to learn riding skills.
Liz is leading Jasper in today's lesson. She is having a hard time keeping Jasper moving and cannot get him to trot. Liz is holding the clip of the lead line and is walking in front of the horse, turning back to look at him when he stops moving. The instructor coaches Liz to move her hand eight inches down the lead line to give Jasper freedom to move his head and neck. Liz is reminded to walk between the horse's ear and shoulder, so she is not dragging the horse in a manner that decreases the quality of Jasper's walk and makes him hollow his back under the rider. Continuing to look forward, increasing her energy by exaggerating her steps and maintaining a confident body language of shoulders back and head up are other corrections made by the instructor for Liz. The instructor gives Liz a dressage whip to hold in her left hand to use to tap Jasper's shoulder to encourage him to trot. (Please note: The horse should be - Answers - Jasper is reluctant to walk forward because his horse leader lacks confidence and is communicating with mixed signals.
Amanda, the volunteer, is leading Dan in a lesson. She is engaged in conversation with the sidewalker during the lesson. The instructor gives a direction to turn right at the letter "A" and Amanda turns Dan left despite the rider Brian's efforts to turn right. First, the instructor repeats the instruction, pairing a visual with the "turn right" direction: "Let's try again, Brian and Amanda. Turn Dan right at the letter "A" toward the blue barrel." The horse handler turns the wrong way again.
Brian and Amanda are asked to come to the center of the arena with Dan. The instructor checks in with Amanda to make sure she can hear the instructions and is comfortable in her role leading the horse.As they make their way back to the rail, Dan is placed behind another horse to follow. The side conversation continues between Amanda and the sidewalker. This time the instructor points out that she is having ahard time hearing Bri - Answers - Amanda might benefit from learning more about specific disabilities and their learning preferences. Additionally, Amanda might be better suited to the role of sidewalker rather than horse leader
Parent Judy drops off paperwork for her son Chris to participate in therapeutic riding lessons. The instructor ensures that the intake paperwork is complete, both in respect to PATH Intl. Standards as well as individual center protocol. It is recommended that
Why else might Chris not have met the objective of the lesson plan? - Answers - Chris may have needed the support of a sidewalker (an additional step to the skill progression) to provide physical prompts for this skill, which encompasses an additional cognitive challenge.
Chris rides Duke, a 14.2 hand, wide-based horse with smooth gaits, which supports his anxiety about being up off the ground. This horse is responsive off the lead line to allow Chris to be successful when riding independently. Chris uses a western saddle to accommodate his seat size and help him to feel more secure holding his hands off the saddle to use the reins. The saddle is fitted with Devonshire boots to give Chris' feet a larger base of support. Rainbow reins attached to a sidepull provide a visual for Chris to hold his reins at an effective length. The use of a sidepull allows Chris meaningful control while keeping in mind the comfort of the horse. Blue and red tape to designate right and left reins are added as needed based on the activities of each lesson.
What other equipment might be beneficial to Chris? - Answers - Chris may benefit from less physically supportive equipment (e.g., an English saddle versus a western saddle) to further engage his core muscles and challenge his balance.
Sally, a CTRI, is preparing for her 3 p.m. group lesson. She arrives at the farm by 2: p.m. to settle inand make herself aware of any changes with horses, volunteers or riders. As horses start to be groomed and tacked for lessons, Sally is engaging the volunteers in conversation about today's lesson plan. She isalso visually inspecting all the equipment that is being put on the horse for wear points, correct padding and saddle placement, safety stirrups attached in the appropriate direction and the right size to accommodate the matched rider's foot size. Any additional equipment the rider may need (e.g., rainbow reins or handholds) are made available. Sally also conducts a check of the riding environment, including setting up the equipment that will be used today, such as four ground poles. As the riders begin to arrive and the lessons starts, Sally utilizes a mental checklist of the following items to ensure the s - Answers - Elements of an equipment safety check that are evident in Figure 4.1 are: Right stirrup leather should be tucked away into the keeper. Rider's helmet fits appropriately. Rider is using peacock safety stirrups, which are facing the correct direction. The noseband of the horse's bridle is adjusted well.
Jill is a young adult rider with an intellectual disability and generalized low muscle tone. In order for her to meet her goals of riding independently at the walk and trot, her instructor needs to focus on improving her posture and alignment to allow her to balance safely and use her natural aids to influence the horse effectively. When addressing posture and alignment, working proximal (close to the core) to distal (far from the core) works well (Figure 4.2). Jill is riding in a posterior pelvic tilt, which is causing her upper body to slouch and legs to brace out in front of her. The instructor has several options to address this posterior pelvic tilt:
Is the saddle too small for the rider? Is the horse too wide for the rider? Does Jill need a horse with more active gaits to increase her muscle tone? Will doing half seat position bring Jill's pelvis forward and increase her muscle tone through weight bearing? Will - Answers - Jill may benefit from a narrower horse, which would allow her to bring her leg under her hip more easily. Additionally, a horse with more trappy gaits will increase Jill's muscle tone, making it easier for her to maintain a neutral pelvis
Jane is teaching a lesson to four riders in an outdoor arena. One of the horses in the group, Mimi, is starting to look very alert and begins to flare her nostrils. The instructor notices an unfamiliar loose dog running toward the arena as Mimi starts to turn in circles and while her leader tries to hold her still. As the instructor moves toward the nervous horse, she calls for the other three horses in the lesson to halt and be headed by their leaders while the sidewalkers perform an arm over the thigh hold to secure the riders. The other three horses have continued to maintain their typically level-headed demeanor as the dog approaches. The instructor requests for the volunteer sidewalking with Mimi to do an emergency dismount; after confirming with the second sidewalker that the rider's feet are free from the stirrups, the volunteer pulls the rider's hips to his hips and turns so that his body is between the horse - Answers - Jane could have decided to ask the side walkers to do an emergency dismount for all of the riders in the group.
Nancy is on her way to the field to bring Smokey into the barn for his 9 a.m. lesson, which is about 30 minutes after the morning feed. She notices that Smokey has just finished rolling and is standing up. When she arrives at the gate to the field, she sees that Smokey is looking at his sides and breathing heavily. Nancy puts the halter on just in time to prevent Smokey from rolling again. Recognizing the signs of colic, she starts Smokey walking toward the barn. Nancy asks a volunteer to continue to walk Smokey around the barn, with specific instructions not to allow Smokey to roll or eat anything while she retrieves the equine first-aid kit containing the emergency numbers for the farm manager and veterinarian. Before Nancy calls the farm manager, she takes Smokey's temperature, pulse and respiration. Smokey's temperature is 100oF, which is normal; however, his pulse and respiration are elevated at 50 beats per min - Answers - Feeding high-quality forage, providing unlimited access to clean, fresh water and making any diet changes slowly will reduce the likelihood of colic in equines.
Bob is a CTRI preparing the horse, Cody, for an upcoming lesson. The rider's assessment and goals indicate that the equipment required is an all-purpose English saddle fitted with safety "S" stirrups and rainbow reins attached to the halter. Before retrieving Cody from his stall, Bob sets out all of the required equipment on the saddle racks in the barn aisle near the cross ties. Once Cody is safely on the cross ties, Bob begins the grooming process, making mental note of Cody's behavior and any sensitive areas on his body. The saddle pad is placed
