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Patho. Exam I Renal Function 2025.
Vital Functions of the kidney - ANSWERmaintain fluid/electrolyte conversion and acid base balance, detoxify and eliminates wastes, regulates vitamin D and calcium, regulates blood pressure, and aids in RBC production Towards, away - ANSWERduring instances of low blood flow to kidney blood is dispersed _ the medulla and _ from the cortex. Nephron - ANSWERfunctional unit of the kidney Glomerulus - ANSWERclumps of capillaries enclosed in a capsule, high pressure system, site of blood filtration Urine - ANSWERclear, yellow, pH 4.6 - 8.0, more acidic to protect against bacteria GFR - ANSWERrate of filtrate formed each minute 125mL/min Proximal Tubule - ANSWERsite of most reabsorption and secretion, highly permeable to H2O Loop of Henle - ANSWERrole in controlling concentration of urine, reabsorbs more solute than water, filtrate becomes more dilute traveling through the ascending loop.
Distal and collecting Tubule - ANSWERimpermeable to water, where hydrogen (H+) is secreted and bicarbonate (HCO3) ions are reabsorbed 25 - ANSWER_% of oxygenated blood is demanded by the kidneys Vasoconstrictors - ANSWERSNS, Angiotension II, ADH, and endothelins, restrict blood flow Vasodilators - ANSWERdopamine, nitric oxide, prostaglandins, improve blood flow Autoregulatory Mechanisms - ANSWERability to constrict or dilate blood vessels around kidney independently, geared at maintaining a constant flow of blood to the kidneys Juxtaglomerular Complex - ANSWERsenses changes in GFR with renal perfusion, senses stretch of afferent arterioles, site of RENIN secreation Renal Clearance - ANSWERvolume of plasma that is completely cleared each minute of any substances that finds its way into the urine Filtered, tubules - ANSWERrenal clearance is determined by ability of substance to be _ in the glomerulus and ability of _ to reabsorb or secrete the substance. Aldosterone - ANSWERsecreted by adrenal gland, and regulates Na and K elimination
Urinalysis - ANSWERurine test Obstructive Disorder - ANSWERsomething that physically blocks the flow of urine from the kidneys, reversible Stasis of Urine - ANSWERwhen urine stays in one place, increased risk of infection and stone formation Dilation - ANSWER_ of renal structures causes pain Lower (tract obstruction) - ANSWERobstruction below ureteroversical junction and are bilateral Upper (tract obstruction) - ANSWERobstruction above ureteroversical junction and are usually unilateral Hydronephrosis - ANSWERurine filled dilation of the renal pelvis and calices Hypertension - ANSWERincrease blood pressure, secretion of RENIN causes constriction of the vessels Nephrolithiasis - ANSWERmost common cause of upper urinary tract obstruction, renal calculi (Kidney Stones) Urolithiasis - ANSWERurinary calculi (bladder stones), made of substances that are normally secreted in the urine
Calcium stones - ANSWER 70 - 80% of all stones, associated with increase Ca levels Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Stones - ANSWER(Struvite stones), form only in a alkaline environment, presence of bacteria that possess the enzyme urease Uric Acid Stones - ANSWERassociated with increased uric acid levels, favor enironment eith urine pH 5.1-5. Cystine Stones - ANSWERrare, associated with genetic defect, resemble struvite stones except without presence of infection Renal Colic - ANSWERassociated with ureters stretching, excruciating pain, pain may radiate Noncolicky (renal pain) - ANSWERassociated with stretching within the kidney UTI (urinary tract infection) - ANSWERmost are caused by E.coli, 2nd most common type of infection seen in health care, caused by bacteria that most commonly enters through the urethra Urinary Foley Catheter - ANSWERmost common factor of a urinary tract infection Voiding - ANSWERwash-out phenomenon, washed out during _ also known as peeing
Hematuria - ANSWERblood in the urine Nephrotic Syndrome - ANSWERprotein problems, massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, generalized edema, not a specific glomerular disease Tubulointerstitial Disorders - ANSWERdisorders of tubular structures within kidney Renal Tubular Acidosis - ANSWERdefect in the ability to reabsorb bicarbonate and excrete hhydrogen, the inability to regulate pH balance Wilm's Tumor - ANSWERmore common in children 3-5, associated with congenital anomalies, abdominal mass and hypertension Renal Cancer - ANSWERmen are more commonly affected, originates in renal cortex, may be asymptomatic Acute Renal injury - ANSWERreversible, may progress to CKD, usually associated with trauma, shock, sepsis (Prerenal, Intrarenal, Postrenal) Prerenal (acute renal failure) - ANSWERany decrease blood flow to kidneys, most common acute renal failure Intrarenal (acute renal failure) - ANSWERdirect damage to structures within the kidneys, toxins drugs and infection
Postrenal (acute renal failure) - ANSWERanything beyond kidneys that blocks urine flow Common signs (of acute renal failure) - ANSWERdecrease GFR, azotemia, metabolic acidosis, electrolyte imbalance, aint got GAME Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) - ANSWERcells in the tubular segments of the nephron are destroyed, caused by ischemia and toxic substances, necrosis and sloughing of tubular epithelial cells leads to obstruction Ischemia ATN - ANSWERnecrosis and sloughing of tubular epithelial cells that cause disruption of blood flow to kidneys, irreversible, damage to epithelial layer and basement membrane Nephrotoxic ATN - ANSWERingestion of substances that are toxic to kidneys reversible, doesnt damage capillary basement membrane Chronic Kidney Disease - ANSWERirreversible destruction of renal structures, #1 cause is diabetes mellitus
