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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 9TH EDITION MCCANCE
2026 PRACTICE TEST SHEET FULL SOLUTIONS
CORRECT ANSWERS PREPARATION SET
◉ Nucleus. Answer: The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA, most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA- binding proteins, such as the histones, which regulate its activity. ◉ Peroxisomes. Answer: Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces H2O2, which is a powerful oxidant and potentially destructive if it accumulates or escapes from peroxisomes. ◉ Lysosomes. Answer: The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful digestive enzymes within the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventing their leakage into the cytoplasmic matrix. ◉ Digestive enzyme development sequence.
Answer: The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a secretory vesicle to the cell membrane. ◉ Enzyme transcription process. Answer: The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a secretory vesicle to the cell membrane. ◉ Cell cycle phases. Answer: The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G phase (G = gap), which is the period between the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA synthesis; (2) the S phase (S = synthesis), during which DNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus; (3) the G2 phase, during which RNA and protein synthesis occurs; and (4) the M phase, which includes nuclear and cytoplasmic division. ◉ Organic compound for transportation. Answer: Proteins act as (1) recognition and binding units (receptors) for substances moving in and out of the cell; (2) pores or transport channels for various electrically charged particles called ions or electrolytes and specific carriers for amino acids and monosaccharides; and (3) specific enzymes that drive active pumps that promote the concentration of certain ions, particularly potassium (K+), within the cell while keeping concentrations of
Answer: Molecules involving receptors that affect the cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact. ◉ Hormone secretion. Answer: The release of signaling molecules such as neurotransmitters. ◉ Extracellular chemical messengers. Answer: Chemical signals such as ligands that communicate between cells. ◉ Chemical signaling categories. Answer: Three categories: (1) local-chemical mediator, (2) hormone, and (3) neurotransmitter. ◉ Paracrine signaling. Answer: A mode of chemical signaling where local chemical mediators are quickly taken up, destroyed, or immobilized. ◉ Neurotransmitters. Answer: Chemical signals secreted by neurons to stimulate an adjoining cell.
◉ Acetylcholine. Answer: A neurotransmitter that stimulates the movement of a muscle cell. ◉ Hormonal signaling. Answer: A mode of chemical signaling that uses blood to transport communication to cells some distance away. ◉ Local-chemical mediator. Answer: A secreted chemical that acts on the cells in the immediate environment. ◉ Guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Answer: A molecule that can act as a second messenger in signaling pathways. ◉ Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Answer: A molecule that provides energy for cellular processes. ◉ Adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Answer: A second messenger involved in signaling pathways. ◉ Guanosine diphosphate (GDP).
◉ Tricarboxylic acid phosphorylation. Answer: A less common mechanism for ATP production not primarily associated with oxidative phosphorylation. ◉ Passive transport. Answer: Transport driven by osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion. ◉ Receptors. Answer: Proteins that can bind with substances being transported. ◉ Signal molecules. Answer: Hundreds of kinds of molecules used by cells to communicate, such as insulin. ◉ Postsynaptic membrane. Answer: The membrane of a neuron or muscle cell that receives signals from neurotransmitters. ◉ Ligands. Answer: Chemical messengers that bind to receptors on target cells. ◉ Cellular communication.
Answer: The process by which cells receive signals from their environment. ◉ Extracellular fluid. Answer: The fluid surrounding cells that contains signaling molecules. ◉ Direct physical contact. Answer: A method of communication between cells that involves physical interaction. ◉ Chemical signaling. Answer: The process by which cells communicate through the release and reception of chemical signals. ◉ Passive transport. Answer: A process where water and small electrically uncharged molecules move easily through pores in the plasma membrane's lipid bilayer, driven by osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion. ◉ Active transport. Answer: A mechanism that requires energy and receptors capable of recognizing and binding with substances to move them into the cell.
◉ Osmolarity. Answer: A measurement of osmotic activity that is less preferred than osmolality because it does not account for the weight of solutes in plasma. ◉ Interstitial fluid. Answer: The fluid surrounding the capillary that receives water pushed across capillary membranes due to hydrostatic pressure. ◉ 3% saline solution. Answer: A fluid replacement used intravenously to replace sodium and chloride lost in diarrhea. ◉ Transmembrane proteins. Answer: Proteins that span the membrane and are involved in the transport of substances across the cell membrane. ◉ Specificity in transport. Answer: The high degree of selectivity that certain transport mechanisms have for specific substances. ◉ Capillary membranes. Answer: Thin membranes that allow for the movement of fluid into the interstitial space due to hydrostatic pressure.
◉ Hydrophobic membrane. Answer: A type of membrane that does not allow water and small electrically uncharged molecules to pass easily. ◉ Hydrophilic membrane. Answer: A type of membrane that allows water and small electrically uncharged molecules to pass easily. ◉ Sodium and chloride. Answer: Electrolytes that influence the volume of plasma and are replaced during fluid therapy. ◉ Plasma weight. Answer: The weight of plasma is influenced more by solutes such as proteins and glucose than by water. ◉ Fluid movement process. Answer: A process such as hydrostatic pressure, osmosis, diffusion, or active transport that describes how fluids move across membranes. ◉ Cell hydration.
Answer: Processes that require energy to move substances against their concentration gradient. ◉ Integral proteins. Answer: Proteins that are embedded in the membrane and play a role in transport. ◉ Electrically uncharged molecules. Answer: Molecules that do not carry an electrical charge and can pass through membranes more easily. ◉ Clinical assessment of osmolality. Answer: The evaluation of osmotic activity in individuals, which is preferred due to the concentration of solutes in plasma. ◉ Fluid movement across membranes. Answer: The process by which fluids move through cellular membranes, influenced by various pressures and concentrations. ◉ Hypertonic solution. Answer: A hypertonic solution has a concentration of greater than 285 to 294 mOsm/kg.
◉ Example of a hypertonic solution. Answer: 3% saline solution. ◉ Effect of hypertonic solution on cells. Answer: Water can be pulled out of the cells by a hypertonic solution; therefore the cells shrink. ◉ Facilitated diffusion. Answer: The means by which glucose is transported from the blood to the cells. ◉ Transport of potassium and sodium. Answer: Transported across plasma membranes by adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) enzyme. ◉ Mechanism of Na+ and K+ transport. Answer: ATPase enzyme induces the transporter protein to undergo several conformational changes. ◉ Exocytosis. Answer: In eukaryotic cells, secretion of macromolecules almost always occurs by exocytosis.
Answer: A net Na+ moves into the cell, causing the membrane potential to reduce to zero and then become positive. ◉ Resting plasma membrane permeability. Answer: The resting plasma membrane is more permeable to K+ than to Na+. ◉ Cellular uptake of nutrients. Answer: Nutrients are not transported via passive transport, antiport system, or receptor-mediated exocytosis. ◉ Macromolecule secretion. Answer: Macromolecules can be secreted across eukaryotic cell membranes during exocytosis. ◉ Potassium concentration in ICF. Answer: Potassium has a greater concentration in the intracellular fluid (ICF). ◉ Sodium concentration in ECF. Answer: Sodium has a greater concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF).
◉ Effect of potassium gates. Answer: Potassium gates open, allowing potassium to rush into the cell. ◉ Transport mechanism uncertainty. Answer: The exact mechanism for the transport of Na+ and K+ across the membrane is uncertain. ◉ Conformational changes in transport. Answer: Conformational changes in the transporter protein cause Na+ and K+ to move short distances. ◉ Secretion of substances. Answer: All substances are not secreted into the cellular matrix during exocytosis. ◉ Diffusion of solute molecules. Answer: Solute molecules do not flow freely into and out of the cell. ◉ Action of platelet-derived growth factor. Answer: Stimulates the production of certain cells. ◉ Platelets.
Answer: A cell has the potential to differentiate and to gain the ability to perform one of eight specialized functions. Muscle cells can generate forces that produce motion. ◉ Mucous gland cell function. Answer: Certain cells, such as mucous gland cells, can synthesize new substances from substances they absorb and then secrete the new substances to serve elsewhere as needed. ◉ All cells. Answer: All cells are capable of excretion. ◉ Cytokines role. Answer: The role of cytokines in cell reproduction is that they provide growth factor for tissue growth and development. ◉ Cell reproduction process. Answer: Cellular reproduction typically has a short interphase. ◉ True statement about eukaryotic cells. Answer: They contain compartments called organelles. ◉ True statement about phagocytosis.
Answer: Phagocytosis involves the ingestion of bacteria. ◉ Muscle cell specialized function. Answer: Movement is a specialized function of muscle cells. ◉ Secretion in mucous gland cells. Answer: This process is known as secretion. ◉ Continuous division. Answer: All cells have the capacity to excrete, thus allowing them to rid themselves of waste products resulting from the metabolic breakdown of nutrients. ◉ Major chemical components of cell membranes. Answer: The major chemical components of all cell membranes are lipids and proteins, but the percentage of each varies among different membranes. ◉ Cells that lose ability to replicate. Answer: Many adult cells, such as nerve cells, lens cells of the eye, and muscle cells, lose their ability to replicate and divide. ◉ Facilitated diffusion.
