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PCAT practice test questions
Centers for regulating hunger, sleep, thirst, body temperature, water balance, and blood pressure are found in the - ANS hypothalamus A patient's anterior pituitary gland is removed due to the presence of a malignant tumor. Plasma concentration of which of the following hormones would be LEAST affected following surgery? - ANS insulin red-green color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait. What is the probability that a boy born to an unaffected man and a carrier woman will be color bind? - ANS 1/ A patient who has gained 40 lbs in the past 3 months goes to her physician with complaints of fatigue. She is found to have a goiter and a decreased metabolic rate. Based on this information, the patient most likely has a deficiency of... - ANS thyroxine Which of the following statements about the heart is true? - ANS A. Both the superior and inferior vena cava route blood into the right atrium. Marfan syndrome is an inherited disorder with a deleterious effect on the connective protein fibrillin. Which of the following is LEAST likely a symptom of this disorder? - ANS peripheral neuropathy ; because it is composed of nervous tissue rather than connective tissue In the menstrual cycle, what is triggered by a surge in LH? - ANS ovulation In a eukaryotic cell, which organelle's primary function is protein synthesis? - ANS ribosome Which of the following can be absorbed in the STOMACH? - ANS alcohol and certain drugs; amino acids, monosaccharides, and small fatty acids must be absorbed by the small intestine
what path does oxygen follow when traveling through the respiratory structures? - ANS external nares (nostrils)> nasal cavity> internal nares> pharynx> larynx> trachea> bronchi> bronchioles> alveoli Which of the following pairs of words best describes the autonomic nervous system? - ANS sympathetic and parasympathetic The 5 types of immunoglobulins are secreted from which type of cell? - ANS differentiated B lymphocytes which of the following is not part of the AXIAL skeleton? - ANS pelvis compared to inhaled air in the alveoli, the partial pressures of carbon dioxide in the pulmonary artery is... - ANS greater If 18O labeled glucose is given to a human, where is the label most likely to appear? A. Exhaled O B. Exhaled CO C. Exhaled H2O D. Intracellular ATP - ANS b) exhaled CO Large molecules exit the cell by the process known as? - ANS exocytosis If a patient with high blood glucose levels accidentally took an overdose of insulin, which of the following would occur? - ANS convulsions due to decreased blood glucose concentrations
At 0 degrees Celsius, a container holds a mixture of helium, oxygen, and fluorine gas. There are 3 moles of helium, 4 moles of oxygen, and 3 moles of fluorine. What is the total volume of gas if the total pressure is 1 atm? - ANS 22.4 L the method of carbon dating used to determine age depends on the assumption that: - ANS the half-life of the isotope does not depend on conditions external to the isotope nucleus What is the normality of a solution? - ANS the molarity times the number of H atoms per molecule In a single strand of a nucleic acid, the nucleotides are linked by? - ANS phosphodiester bonds malonyl-CoA is produced from acetyl-CoA through the action of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. The byproducts of this reaction are? - ANS ADP + Pi Monoacylglycerols are produced through the reaction of glycerol with a long chain fatty acid. In this reaction, the hydroxyl group of glycerol acts as? - ANS nucleophile, because it attacks the carbonyl carbon the lipid composition in the cell membranes of hibernating animals would be expected to comprise? - ANS more linoleic acid than plamitic acid ; because an animal will try to maintain membrane fluidity when temperatures are low Medium-chain saturated fatty acids (8-10 carbons) can also be produced by a small alteration to its biosynthetic pathway. What change would most likely lead to this - ANS Thioesterase specificity; In order to make a chain that's less than 16 carbons, the chain elongation cycle must be terminated early Which of the following compounds has the strongest electrostatic interactions between the constituent particles? - ANS NaCl Which region of the brain controls breathing rate? - ANS medulla oblongota
denitrifying bacteria... - ANS turn nitrates into N which of the following statements is true regarding lambda phage, a virus that infects bacteria? - ANS in the lysogenic cycle, the bacterial host replicates viral DNA, passing it onto daughter cells during binary fission which component of blood is involved in clot formation? - ANS platelets Which of the following is/are characteristic of animal and fungal cells, but NOT bacterial cells? - ANS They are eukaryotifc When ACh binds to its receptor, which of the following ions is released from the muscle cell's sarcoplasmic reticulum? - ANS Ca2+ Which of the following statements about viruses is NOT true? - ANS The virus may replicate autonomously in the absence of a host Which of the following is cyanide's mechanism of action? - ANS Cyanide inhibits aerobic ATP formation Suppose that the liver was unable to synthesize glycogen but could still uptake glucose. This could be attributed to a problem in pancreatic: - ANS beta-cells the excess amino acids released from the liver are: - ANS taken up by skeletal muscle to replace lost amino acids Which of the following would NOT inhibit the actions of insulin? - ANS hyper stimulation of GLUT receptor expression
the protein that hair is primarily composed of is? - ANS keratin What is a missense mutation? - ANS changed AA (convservative - new AA is similar in chemical structure) Cardiac muscle can? - ANS contract without stimulation from the nervous system Which of the following is a mechanism of heat loss? - ANS dilation of blood vessels in the skin Which of the following ABO blood types CANNOT produce type O offspring? - ANS ABxO If a patient's lymphatic channels have been obstructed by the spread of malignant tumors, what will happen? - ANS increased fluid pressure in extracellular spaces Which of the following statements about the kidney is correct? - ANS it keeps the relative concentrations of inorganic ions in the body's blood plasma at a constant level A diet high in saturated fats can be most directly linked to development of? - ANS atherosclerosis Which of the following is false regarding noncompetitive inhibition of an enzyme? - ANS The reaction can still reach Vmax When a person inhales fresh air? - ANS oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the pulmonary blood Envrionmental factors dividing a population into 2 that evolve in different directions with different adaptive responses is called? - ANS divergent evolution
If the pH of blood were to increase to 7.6, what would be the likely outcome? - ANS a decrease in CO exhalation How would the volume of urine excreted alter in response to acidosis? - ANS it would increase because the proximal convoluted tubule would not reabsorb as much water When phosphoric acid is titrated with a strong base, which of the following is the predominant compound found at the 3rd equivalence point? - ANS phosphate ion A diabetic patient displays acidosis due to accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood. What compensatory changes would take place in the body? - ANS breathing rate would increase and total blood CO2/HCO3- concentration would decrease the boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is? - ANS equal to the atmospheric pressure alpha helices are secondary structure characterized by? - ANS intramolecular hydrogen bonds If a reaction proceeds spontaneously? - ANS Keq> If the Cell Potential is POSITIVE - ANS the reaction is spontaneous Enantiomers are molecules that _____. - ANS have the same general formula but different molecular interactions If saturated fatty acid tails from phospholipids are replaced by unsaturated fatty acid tails, what would be observed? - ANS the fluidity of a cell lipid bilayer is increased
How might a drug raise the threshold for an action potential in a cell? - ANS increase the amount of K+ in the cell what makes steroids unique in their mechanism of action as compared to peptide hormones? - ANS their ability to enter the nucleus and affect protein synthesis Which type of tissue is avascular? - ANS epithelium which area of the sarcomere decreases in size during muscle contraction? - ANS H-zone Microtubules attach to chromosomes at - ANS centromeres The GTP used by tubulin could come directly from the products of? - ANS the citric acid cycle Which of the following disorders is due to nondisjunction? - ANS Down syndrome Which of the following is not a way that bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents occur? - ANS generating organelles that sequester the antimicrobial agents Helminths are part of what larger class of organisms? - ANS parasites If a woman who is homozygous dominant at that locus has a female child w/hemophiliac man, what is the percent chance their daughter will be a hemophiliac? - ANS 0% What is the relationship between the cholesterol concentration of the plasma membrane and its permeability? - ANS decreased cholesterol concentration results in a higher rate of osmosis and a higher rate of Na+ diffusion
Cholesterol is synthesized in the body, as well as obtained through the diet. The precursor that is synthesized in the body is? - ANS acetyl-CoA The student wants to increase the rate of glucose transport into a vesicle. When he is constructing the vesicles, he should incorporate? - ANS A glucose channel and more cholesterol Which form of nitrogen is directly used by plants for replenishing nitrogen stores? - ANS nitrate Ovulation is directly caused by a surge in what hormone? - ANS Lutenizing hormone which of the following is both an endocrine and an exocrine organ? - ANS pancreas in which of the following ways can passive immunity develop? - ANS gamma globulin injections which of the following is the correct path of water moving in paracellular flux into the capillaries of the small intestine? - ANS lumen-> interstitial space-> bloodstream Which of the following does not utilize a membrane carrier protein? - ANS water prolonged action of the sympathetic nervous system would most likely affect digestion by? - ANS decreasing intestinal blood flow and causing constipation What supplement, taken during pregnancy, decreases the incidence of spina bifida? - ANS folic acid which of the following is not a role of the sebaceous glands? - ANS keep the pH of the skin basic how does warfarin prevent formation of blood clots? - ANS by inhibiting recycling of vitamin K
Which of the following is true of enantiomers? - ANS they rotate plane-polarized light in opposite directions What is saponification? - ANS the hydrolysis of triglycerides by a strong base from liquid to gas - ANS enthalpy increases, and entropy increases Which of the following represents a system with at least one electron in an excited state? - ANS 1s2 2s 2p3 3s What type of intramolecular bond is found in NH4? - ANS coordinate covalent Which of the following molecules has the same molecular and electronic geometry? - ANS CH Which of the following will be produced by the reaction of a tertiary alcohol with KMnO4? - ANS The reaction would not happen When are Okazaki fragments formed? - ANS during replication on the lagging strand Drinking more water prevents all categories of kidney stones because it increases urine volume while...?
- ANS having no effect on the number of moles of all ions in the kidney What is the difference between SN1 and SN2? - ANS For SN1 reactions, the step determining the rate is unimolecular, whereas for a SN2 reaction, it is bimolecular. 2. SN1 is a two-step mechanism, whereas SN2 is only a one-step process. During SN1 reactions, the carbocation will form as an intermediate, whereas, during SN2 reactions, it is not formed. What is the most likely mechanism for the reaction b/w 1-chloropropane and sodium cyanide? - ANS SN
Which of the following is NOT a difference between the Bohr model of the the atom and the quantum mechanical model? - ANS The Bohr model states that the electron can have any level of energy, the quantum mechanical model states that electrons can only have discrete energy levels. Which of the following is NOT required for a molecule to be defined as aromatic? - ANS the molecule has 4n pi electrons Cholesterol is a direct precursor to what type of lipids within the human body? - ANS steroid hormones Where does the ribosome bind to mRNA during translation? - ANS the 5' end What is the TATA box? - ANS A DNA sequence found upstream of where transcription transcription takes place Gram positive bacteria stain ___ upon Gram stain due to the presence of a ___ peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall. - ANS purple; thick All viruses... - ANS cannot reproduce outside of cells 2 children are born, baby x is blood type A, and baby Y is blood type O. In couple #1, the father is type O, and the mother is type B. In couple#2, the father is type A, and the mother is type AB. What conclusion can be made? - ANS Baby x is not the child of couple#1, and baby y is not the child of couple # Which statement is NOT true when referring to the lytic cycle of a bacterial virus? - ANS phage DNA integrates itself into the host DNA becoming a prophage
