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PEDS Exam 1 Study Guide, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Pediatrics

Virginia State University (VSU)Pediatrics

PEDS Exam 1 Study GuidePEDS Exam 1 Study Guide

Typology: Study Guides, Projects, Research

2024/2025

Available from 12/04/2024

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PEDS Exam 1 Study Guide
1.Social/emotional & play: 2 months: -Social smile
-calms self-briefly with bringing hands to mouth
2.Social/emotional & play: 4 months: -enjoys social interaction
-smiles spontaneously
3.Social/emotional & play: 6 months: -Begins to fear strangers
4.Social/emotional & play: 12 months: -hugs and kisses
-has favorite objects
5.Social/emotional & play: 18 months: - has temper tantrums
6.Social/emotional & play: 2 years: -parallel play
-shows defiance
7.Social/emotional & play: 3 years: -Understands the idea of "mine",
"his", or "hers"
-May get upset with major changes in routine
8.Social/emotional & play: 4 years: -Often can't tell what's real and
what's make-believe*
-Imaginary playmates common
9.Social/emotional & play: 5 years: -can tell what's real and what's male
believe
-more likely to agree with rules
10.Language/communication & Cognitive: 2 months: -coos
11.Language/communication & Cognitive: 4 months: -Laughs
-begins to babble
12.Language/communication & Cognitive: 6 months: -1 syllable sounds
(ma, hi)
13.Language/communication & Cognitive: 9 months: -comprehends "no"
-strings syllables together "mama"
14.Language/communication & Cognitive: 12 months: -Says MAMA and
DADA and about 3-5 other words
15.Language/communication & Cognitive: 2 years: -knows first name
16.Language/communication & Cognitive: 3 years: -converses using 2
to 3 sentences w/ 3-4 words
-says first name, age, and sex
17.Language/communication & Cognitive: 4 years: -says first and last
name
18.Language/communication & Cognitive: 5 years: -says name and address
-counts 10 or more objects
-knows about things used every day, like money or food
19.Gross motor/movement: 2 months: -Can lift head when prone
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PEDS Exam 1 Study Guide

  1. Social/emotional & play: 2 months: -Social smile -calms self-briefly with bringing hands to mouth
  2. Social/emotional & play: 4 months: -enjoys social interaction -smiles spontaneously
  3. Social/emotional & play: 6 months: -Begins to fear strangers
  4. Social/emotional & play: 12 months: -hugs and kisses -has favorite objects
  5. Social/emotional & play: 18 months: - has temper tantrums
  6. Social/emotional & play: 2 years: -parallel play -shows defiance
  7. Social/emotional & play: 3 years: -Understands the idea of "mine", "his", or "hers" -May get upset with major changes in routine
  8. Social/emotional & play: 4 years: -Often can't tell what's real and what's make-believe* -Imaginary playmates common
  9. Social/emotional & play: 5 years: -can tell what's real and what's male believe -more likely to agree with rules
  10. Language/communication & Cognitive: 2 months: -coos
  11. Language/communication & Cognitive: 4 months: -Laughs -begins to babble
  12. Language/communication & Cognitive: 6 months: -1 syllable sounds (ma, hi)
  13. Language/communication & Cognitive: 9 months: -comprehends "no" -strings syllables together "mama"
  14. Language/communication & Cognitive: 12 months: -Says MAMA and DADA and about 3-5 other words
  15. Language/communication & Cognitive: 2 years: -knows first name
  16. Language/communication & Cognitive: 3 years: -converses using 2 to 3 sentences w/ 3-4 words -says first name, age, and sex
  17. Language/communication & Cognitive: 4 years: -says first and last name
  18. Language/communication & Cognitive: 5 years: -says name and address -counts 10 or more objects -knows about things used every day, like money or food
  19. Gross motor/movement: 2 months: -Can lift head when prone
  1. Gross motor/movement: 4 months: -Lifts head and chest while on stomach -rolls from back to side
  2. Gross motor/movement: 6 months: -rolls over in both directions
  1. Vital signs: neonate (birth-1 month): HR (awake) = 100- 205 HR (sleeping) = 90- RR = 30- Hypotension (systolic) = <
  2. Vital signs: infant (1 mo - 12 months): HR (awake) = 100- 180 HR (sleeping) = 90- RR = 30- Hypotension (systolic) = <
  3. Vital signs: toddler (1-3 years): HR (awake) = 98- 140 HR (sleeping) = 80- RR = 22- Hypotension (systolic) = <70 + (2x age in years)
  4. Vital signs: preschool (3-6 yrs): HR (awake) = 80- 120 HR (sleeping) = 65- RR = 20- Hypotension (systolic) = <70 + (2 x age in years)
  5. Vital signs: school-age (6-12 years): HR (awake) = 75- 118 HR (sleeping) = 58- RR = 18- Hypotension (systolic) = <70 + (2x age in years)
  6. Vital signs: adolescent (>12 years): HR (awake) = 60- 100 HR (sleeping) = 50- RR = 12- Hypotension (systolic) = <
  7. What medications are for ADHD?: methylphenidate hydrochloride (Ritalin), dextroamphetamine (Adderall), tricyclic antidepressants and clonidine
  8. What do stimulants do?: Help the part of the brain that inhibits behavior by affecting dopamine, maintains effort and attention and assists with self-regulation.
  9. How should undesired behaviors in a hospitalized child with ASD be man- aged?: Give no reaction, direct the patient to desired behavior, reward compliance, minimize use of restraints
  10. What is impetigo?: Contagious bacterial infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus usually on the hand, nose, or mouth
  11. description of impetigo: Macule then becomes a vesicle or blister like Rupture and exudate dries to form a honey-colored crust, Pruritus common (very itchy)
  1. Treatment of impetigo: -Remove crusts to allow ointment to penetrate skin -Topical bacterial ointments: mupirocin or triple antibiotic ointment

(night) -Topical steroids for flare ups

-Antibiotics for secondary skin infections -Apply ointment based moisturizer before steroid cream

  1. What are the 5 A's of acute dermatitis medications?: Avoidance of triggers Apply cleanser and moisturizer/emollients -Most important component of treatment -Recommended immediately after bathing with skin still wet. Anti-inflammatory (topical steroids for flare ups) Anti-itch (antihistamines) Anti-bacterial (secondary infection)
  2. What causes diaper dermatitis?: prolonged and repetitive contact with irritants like feces, urine, soaps/detergents, and friction
  3. What are the symptoms of diaper dermatitis?: Bright red rash, diarrhea, warm and tender to touch, very painful infants will cry when they have wet or stool diaper
  4. What are the treatment options for diaper dermatitis?: alter causal factors (wetness, pH, and fecal irritants) Frequent diaper changes Keep skin dry Expose irritated skin to air, Use skin barrier cream (zinc oxide) Clean skin gently Avoid talcum powders (can use cornstarch) Daily baths; leave area open to air before applying skin barrier Antibiotics if secondary infection
  5. what is the antidote for acetaminophen?: N-acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)
  6. What are some signs and symptoms of toxic exposure?: Salivation, lacrima- tion, urination, defecation, emesis (SLUDE)
  7. What are the signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis?: Cutaneous signs (itch- ing, hives), angioedema, prodromal reactions, uneasiness, impending doom, rest- lessness, headache, anxiety, disorientation
  8. What are the symptoms of anaphylaxis?: Chest tightness, hoarseness, barky cough, wheezing, cyanosis, loss of consciousness, severe bradycardia, hypoten- sion, cardiac arrest.
  9. What are the respiratory signs and symptoms of a child in distress?: tachy- cardia tachypnea

(level of consciousness one of most important assessments)

  1. What are some indicators of respiratory distress?: Tripoding, nasal flaring, grunting, intercostal retractions.
  2. What vaccinations are recommended for prevention of respiratory dis- tress?: Palivizumab for RSV DTaP for Pertussis H influenzae for epiglottitis
  3. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): -Virus causes cell lysis, creates masses "syncytia", which clog bronchioles and irritate airway -In response, airway lining swells and produces excessive mucus, resulting in obstruction and bronchospasms
  4. RSV manifestations (usual order): -rhinorrhea (runny nose) and low grade fever -congested cough -wheezing -retractions -tachypnea (less than 1 month old will present w/ apnea)
  5. RSV interventions: suctioning O2 or humidified O adequate fluid intake airway maintenance medications (IVF, antipyretics, maybe bronchodilators)
  6. RSV prevention: Palivizumab (Synagis) vaccine IM q. month for chronically ill infants and premies less than or equal to 24 months for high risk children (give 1x/month during RSV season)
  7. what is epiglottitis?: -MEDICAL EMERGENCY!! -Inflammatory process caused by Haemophilus influenza, a bacteria that causes infections and obstruction -or ingestion of hot fluids/foods, foreign body, caustic agents, smoke inhalation, and crack cocaine
  8. epiglottitis manifestations: -FROG-LIKE COUGH and muffled voice -drooling (hurts to swallow)

-tripod position -restless/irritable

-lung sounds (retractions)

  1. pertussis interventions: -older children can be managed at home w/ support- ive tx -adequate hydration -meds: antibiotics and antipyretics (fever and comfort) -hospital for dehydration and inadequate O -side lying while coughing (prevents aspiration)
  2. Why are infants more prone to pertussis?: Infants less than 2 months old cannot receive the vaccine
  3. Which vaccination is given for pertussis and when?: DTaP vaccine given at 2, 4, 6, 15-18 months, and 4-6 years
  4. What is the class of Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)?: 1st gen/ sedating anti- histamine
  5. What is Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) used for?: Mild allergic reactions, mo- tion sickness, anaphylaxis, and insomnia
  6. A nurse is teaching a client about the use of an expectorant to treat a cough. The nurse should include that an expectorant has what therapeutic effect?: Stimulates secretions
  7. What is the class of Cetirizine (Zyrtec)?: 2nd gen/ nonsedating antihistamine
  8. What is Cetirizine (Zyrtec) used for?: Allergic rhinitis or chronic idiopathic urticaria (once a day dosing)
  9. What is the class of Phenylephrine (neo-synephrine)?: Sympathomimetics
  10. What is Phenylephrine (neo-synephrine) used for?: Allergic rhinitis, sinusi- tis, and common cold -SHORT TERM USE ONLY NO MORE THAN 3 DAYS
  11. What is the class of codeine & dextromethorphan (Delsym)?: Antitussives
  12. What do Codeine & Dextromethorphan (Delsym) suppress?: Chronic, non- productive cough
  13. What is the class of Guaifenesin (Mucinex)?: Expectorants
  14. What is the use of Guaifenesin (Mucinex)?: Decrease SURFACE TENSION of mucous, thins mucous, relieves cough related to viral upper respiratory tract infections
  15. Acetylcysteine medication class: Mucolytic
  16. What is the use of Acetylcysteine?: Decreases VISCOSITY of mucous to help cough up, also for acetaminophen overdose
  17. What is the vaccination DTaP used for?: Prevention of Pertussis
  1. What is the vaccination H influenza type B (Hib B) used for?: Prevention of epiglottitis
  2. What is the age recommendation for H influenza type B (Hib B) vaccina- tion?: Given at 2, 4, 6, and 12-14 months of age
  3. What is Sensorimotor stage?: Age: Birth to 2 years -predictable, innate survival reflexes -develops object permanence -interested in repetition -imitates (mental combinations) 112. What are the characteristics of Preoperational Preconceptual stage?: - Age: 2 to 7 years -Animism -egocentric thought -magical thinking
  4. What are the characteristics of the Preoperational Intuitive stage?: Age: 4 to 7 years -Sophisticated language -decreasing egocentric thought -reality-based play
  5. What are the characteristics of the Concrete Operations stage?: Age: 7-12 years -understands relationships, classification -masters conservation (objects weighing the same will take up same space) -logical reasoning limited -able to see the perspective of others
  6. What are the characteristics of the Formal Operations stage?: Age: 13+ years -abstract thought. -flexibility and adaptability -can make and test hypotheses -think about possibilities -can take responsibility for own meds, learn why they need them, and understand consequences of not taking them
  7. An Infant can easily dislodge an endotracheal tube because...: their neck is short
  8. Signs of respiratory distress (3): head

bobbing grunting nasal flaring

toy should the nurse provide to alleviate the child's stress?: toy hammer and pounding board

  1. A nurse is collecting height and weight data during a well-child visit. The nurse knows birth weight typically doubles at age...: 4-6 months
  1. antidote for opioids: naloxone
  2. antidote for benzodiazepines: flumazenil
  3. antidote for heavy metals: calcium sodium edetate
  4. pediatric respiratory considerations: 1. prominent occiput (neck will flex forward) -put blanket under shoulders and upper chest (not head) for better positioning 2.funnel shaped airway (increased airway resistance and FBs can get stuck) 3.large tongues
  5. kissing tonsils (when enlarged can occlude airway)