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Perception Testbank
by Yelena Kosheleva May, 2005
This testbank was created as a homework quiz for topic 2 for an introductory Cognitive Psychology class (Psyc 263). Psyc 263 typically enrolls 200 students and it does not have a recitation class. Therefore, it is crucial to have a system of on-line homework assignments that can help students apply the material from lecture and check their understanding of key concepts. This testbank is the first in the series that will be built to follow every major topic of the course. The homework quizzes are intended as pass/nopass assignments for mastery learning and students will be allowed to retake them as many times as they need to meet a certain performance criterion that will be set up for each quiz (e.g., 90% of questions should be answered correctly for a pass). The system of quizzes will be built to provide frequent assessment of student learning and immediate feedback, which will help students monitor their own progress and raise metaawareness of individuals with regards to learning strategies effective for them. Homework quizzes will also serve the purposes of keeping students on a reading schedule and giving them an opportunity to practice with exam-like questions, which in turns is expected to reduce their test anxiety. Questions in Topic One (Perception: Top-down versus Bottom-up processing) will be set up as a pool of 20 questions that students will be required to answer 10 of the questions correctly to move to the next topic. Questions will be randomized to ensure variability. All 10 questions in Topic Two (Perception: Models of perception) will be required with every run of the quiz. However, 6 out of 10 questions are algorithmic and have built-in randomization. In the future, I plan to expand this testnbank and build similar banks for every topic of the course.
Questions
Topic One - Perception: Top-down versus Bottom-up processing
Question 1
Type: Multiple Choice Randomization: The order of solutions is randomized.
Take a look at images A and B. Now think of image A as a gift box and think of image B as a corner of the room with a ball on the floor in the corner. Images A and B use the same basic drawing, but image A is perceived as a cube whereas image B is perceived as a corner. This visual illusion occurs because of
- Bottom-up (data-driven) processing
- Top-down (conceptually-driven) processing
- Direct perception
- Template matching
- Prototype matching
Correct Answer: 2
Question 2
Type: Multiple Choice Randomization: The order of solutions is randomized.
Perceived triangle contours are a visual illusion known as Kanizsa triangle. Triangle shape is induced by circles with segments taken out. This illusion occurs due to
- Bottom-up (data-driven) processing
- Top-down (conceptually-driven) processing
- Direct perception
- Template matching
- Prototype matching
Correct Answer: 2
Type: Multiple Choice Randomization: The order of solutions is randomized.
The drawing of a flashlight is obstructed by ink blobs. Images A and B have different parts of the flashlight exposed. Typically, viewers have no problem recognizing a flashlight when presented with image B. Typically, viewers of image A say that there is not enough information in the image to identify the object. Notice that “ink blobs” on images A and B cover the same area - about 70 % of the image. What kind of processing is primarily in operation in viewers when they are presented with image A?
- Direct perception
- Template matching
- Top-down (conceptually-driven) processing
- Bottom-up (data-driven) processing
- Change blindness
Correct Answer: 4
Question 6
Type: Multiple Choice Randomization: The order of solutions is randomized.
Is this image a sketch of a young girl or an old woman? This image is ambiguous. First, try to see a young girl and then look for an old woman. This feels like you are looking at two different images; however, the image has not changed. This visual illusion occurs because of
- Top-down (conceptually-driven) processing
- Change blindness
- Direct perception
- Bottom-up (data-driven) processing
- Stroop effect
Correct Answer: 1
Type: Multiple Choice Randomization: The order of solutions is randomized.
First, read the numbers and then the letters. Notice that you interpreted the ambiguous image in the middle as number “13” when you were reading numbers and you read the same image as “B” when you were reading letters. The context changed your recognition of the image. Find an appropriate term for this phenomenon.
- Top-down (conceptually-driven) processing
- Change blindness
- Direct perception
- Bottom-up (data-driven) processing
- Stroop effect
Correct Answer: 1
Question 8
Type: Clickable Image Randomization: None
Take a look at images A and B. The drawing of a flashlight is obstructed by ink blobs. The pattern of obstruction is different for images A and B. Typically, viewers have no problem recognizing a flashlight when presented with image B. Typically, viewers of image A say that there is not enough information in the image to identify the object. Notice that ink blobs on images A and B cover the same area - about 70 % of the image. Click on the image (A or B) processing of which is primarily top-down.
Correct Answer: B
Type: Blanks Randomization: None.
<1> is driven by cognitive factors such as the perceiver’s previous knowledge and expectations about what s/he will see in the environment.
- Top-down (conceptually-driven) processing Distracters: Bottom-up processing, Direct perception, Template-matching, Stroop effect, Word superiority effect
Question 12
Type: Blanks Randomization: None.
<1> is driven by features that are actually extracted from the environment, rather than by cognitive factors such as the perceiver’s expectations about what s/he will see in the environment.
- Bottom-up processing (data-driven processing) Distracters: Top-down (conceptually-driven) processing, Direct perception, Template- matching, Stroop effect, Mental rotation
Question 13
Type: Blanks Randomization: None.
<1> mode of perception begins with small bits of information gathered from the environment. The information bits are put together in various ways to form a percept.
- Bottom-up processing (data-driven processing) Distracters: Top-down (conceptually-driven) processing, Direct perception, Template- matching, Mental rotation
Question 14
Type: Blanks Randomization: None.
<1> occurs when pattern recognition is determined by the perceiver's conceptual knowledge or expectations, which guide the selection and combination of information into a recognizable pattern.
- Top-down (conceptually-driven) processing Distracters: Bottom-up processing (data-driven processing), Direct perception, Template- matching, Mental rotation
Type: Blanks Randomization: None.
<1> light hitting the retina contains highly organized information that requires little or no interpretation.
- According to Gibson’s direct perception theory Distracters: Due to bottom-up processing, Due to top-down processing, Due to template- matching, Due to mental rotation
Question 16
Type: Matching Randomization: The order of prompts and solutions is randomized.
Match terms with their definitions:
- Direct perception theory light hitting the retina contains highly organized information that requires little or no interpretation.
- Bottom-up (data-driven) mode of perception
begins with small bits of information gathered from the environment. The information bits are put together in various ways to form a percept.
- Top-down processing occurs when pattern recognition is determined by the perceiver's conceptual knowledge or expectations, which guide the selection and combination of information into a recognizable pattern.
- Word superiority effect refers to a common finding in perception research that recognition of a letter embedded in a word occurs faster than when the same letter is presented on its own. For example, recognizing the letter "Y" will be faster when it is part of the word "WAY" than when it is presented on its own.
- Change blindness refers to the inability to detect changes to a scene (or an object), especially when given different views of that scene (object).
Question 17
Type: Multiple Selection Randomization: The order of solutions is randomized.
Research into which of the following areas supports the idea of top-down processing? This is a multiple selection question - more than one option applies.
(1) Change blindness, (2) Direct perception, (3) Word superiority effect, (4) Stroop-like phenomena, (5) Template-matching, (6) Featural analysis
Correct Answers: 1, 3, 4
Topic Two - Perception: Models of Perception
Question 1
Type: Algorithmic (Nested Switch Statement) Randomization: TheDemon: , , , TheAnswer: < converts the proximal stimulus into representation>, <are searching representation for a particular feature (a curved line or a vertical line). Start screaming when detect a feature assigned to them>, ,
Question text: In Selfridge's (1959) Pandemonium model of letter recognition demon(s) ….....
Correct Answers:
TheDemon TheAnswer image (demon) converts the proximal stimulus into representation. feature (demons) are searching representation for a particular feature (a curved line or a vertical line). Start screaming when detect a feature assigned to them. cognitive (demons) start screaming when the output from feature demons convinces them that their letter is in representation. decision (demon) makes a decision based on which cognitive demons scream louder what letter is in representation.
Question 2
Type: Algorithmic (Nested Switch Statement) Randomization: TheFunction: < converts the proximal stimulus into representation>, <are searching representation for a particular feature (a curved line or a vertical line). Start screaming when detect a feature assigned to them>, , TheAnswer: , , ,
Question text: In Selfridge's (1959) Pandemonium model of letter recognition ........ demon(s) .
Correct Answers:
TheFunction TheAnswer
converts the proximal stimulus into representation. image (demon) are searching representation for a particular feature (a curved line or a vertical line). Start screaming when detect a feature assigned to them.
feature (demons)
start screaming when the output from feature demons convinces them that their letter is in representation.
cognitive (demons) makes a decision based on which cognitive demons scream louder what letter is in representation.
decision (demon)
Type: Algorithmic (Nested Switch Statement) Randomization: TheModel: "Template-matching","Prototype-matching","Featural analysis","Direct perception" TheAnswer: "patterns are recognized when perceivers match them to mental representation stored in long-term memory.","patterns are recognized when perceivers compare them to mental representations stored in memory, but the representations are not exact replicas of the stimuli but rather idealizations.","we first recognize features or components of patterns and then integrate them to form a representation.","perceivers do not construct mental representations from memories of past encounters with similar stimuli, but acquire information directly from the environment."
Question text: Bottom-up models of perception posit that in pattern recognition perceivers start with small bits of information from the environment that he/she combines in different ways to form a percept. model of perception holds that ..………………
Correct Answers:
TheModel TheAnswer
Template- matching
patterns are recognized when perceivers match them to mental representation stored in long-term memory. Prototype- matching
patterns are recognized when perceivers compare them to mental representations stored in memory, but the representations are not exact replicas of the stimuli but rather idealizations. Featural analysis we first recognize features or components of patterns and then integrate them to form a representation. Direct perception perceivers do not construct mental representations from memories of past encounters with similar stimuli, but acquire information directly from the environment.
Question 4
Type: Algorithmic (Nested Switch Statement) Randomization: TheFunction: "patterns are recognized when perceivers match them to mental representation stored in long-term memory.","patterns are recognized when perceivers compare them to mental representations stored in memory, but the representations are not exact replicas of the stimuli but rather idealizations.","we first recognize features or components of patterns and then integrate them to form a representation.","perceivers do not construct mental representations from memories of past encounters with similar stimuli, but acquire information directly from the environment." TheAnswer: "Template-matching","Prototype-matching","Featural analysis","Direct perception"
Question text: Bottom-up models of perception posit that in pattern recognition perceivers start with small bits of information from the environment that he/she combines in different ways to form a percept. ……………………. model of perception holds that .
Type: Algorithmic (Nested Switch Statement) Randomization: TheFunction: "explaining how we can recognize noisy patterns (such as different people’s handwritings).","explaining how we form prototypes and how we know which prototype the input should be matched to.","defining a concept of feature and determining the kind and number of features that need to be present for adequate pattern recognition.","defining its key concepts (invariant properties and affordances) in a way that would allow for empirical testing." TheAnswer: "Template-matching","Prototype-matching","Featural analysis","Direct perception"
Question text: There are no perfect models of perception that can explain every aspect of it. All models have limitations. Match a model to one of its limitations. …………………. model will have trouble .
Correct Answers:
TheFunction TheAnswer
explaining how we can recognize noisy patterns (such as different people’s handwritings).
Template- matching explaining how we form prototypes and how we know which prototype the input should be matched to.
Prototype- matching defining a concept of feature and determining the kind and number of features that need to be present for adequate pattern recognition.
Featural analysis
defining its key concepts (invariant properties and affordances) in a way that would allow for empirical testing.
Direct perception
Question 7
Type: Multiple Selection Randomization: The order of solutions is randomized.
Which of the following models would be examples of constructivist approach to perception?
(1) Template-matching, (2) Prototype-matching, (3) Featural analysis, (4) Direct perception, (5) Connectionist model
Correct Answers: 1, 2, 3, 5
Question 8
Type: Multiple Choice Randomization: The order of solutions is randomized.
What is the best metaphor for a template-matching model of perception?
- A key and a lock
- A file cabinet
- A desktop
- A DNA molecule
- A black box
Correct Answer: 1
Type: Multiple Choice Randomization: The order of solutions is randomized.
A study by Cabeza et al. (1999) provides strong evidence in support of prototype view of perception. They generated a series of photos from a single prototype photo of a man by slightly changing facial features. Next they asked the study participants to view the photos during the training session. The participants were led to believe that they were asked to view photographs of members of the same family. Participants were NOT shown a prototypical image during the training session. At the next phase of the experiment, participants were presented with old and novel photos and asked to tell whether a person on the photo was a member of the same family. Prototypical image was included into the set of test photos. What were the specific findings of this study?
- Participants were unable to identify family members correctly.
- Participants identified the prototypical image as a non-member.
- Participants identified a prototypical image as a member and also indicated that they had been presented with it in the course of the training session.
- Participants were able to isolate the prototypical image and noticed that it was different from all other images.
- Participants could not tell the difference between the old and new images.
Correct Answer: 3
Question 10
Type: Multiple Selection Randomization: The order of solutions is randomized.
I dentify one or more statements that present a challenge for the template-matching theory:
- How are templates acquired for novel objects?
- How can we recognize objects which are partially blocked from view?
- How can we handle rotated stimuli?
- How can we handle degraded stimuli?
- How can this model work if the number of patterns to be stored is so small?
Correct Answer: 1, 2, 3, 4,
