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Dyslexia (Specific Learning Disability) Accurate Answer:- - an unexpected difficulty learning to read despite intelligence, motivation, and education
- Neurological impacts (dyslexic readers don't use the most efficient pathways in the brain to read. They often don't use the back of the reading brain like typical readers.
- Characterized by phonological processing disorders, poor spelling and decoding, poor fluency/accuracy Subtypes of Reading Difficulties (1) Language Comprehension Accurate Answer:- - Struggle with questions on independent reading
- Main issue is comp, not decoding Hyperlexic Subtypes of Reading Difficulties (2) Phonological Accurate Answer:- Issues With:
- decoding words
- creative spelling
- inefficient decoding *Word level reading disability (most common form) Subtypes of Reading Difficulties (3) Processing Speed/Orthographic Processing Accurate Answer:- Issues With:
- fluency
- attention
- executive functioning *Small portion of the RD population 4 Part Processing Model Accurate Answer:- 1. Phonological Processor
- Orthographic Processor
- Meaning Processor
- Context Processor 5 Layers of Language Accurate Answer:- POSS'M Phonology Orthography Semantics Syntax (structure) Morphology Scarborough's Rope (Language Comp) Accurate Answer:- 1. Background Knowledge
- Vocabulary
- Sentence Structure (Syntax)
- Verbal Reasoning
- Literacy Knowledge Scarborough's Rope (Word Recognition) Accurate Answer:- 1. Phonological Awareness
- Decoding
- Sight Recognition Comprehension (Mental Model - 3 Parts) Accurate Answer:- 1. Code- based information (text based)
- long-term memory (Schema)
- Working Memory Dysgraphia (Specific Learning Disability) Accurate Answer:- Impaired Handwriting
- illegible
- weak graphomotor control
- slow, labored writing Screening Assessments Accurate Answer:- Given to all students at the start of the school year to determine which
Outcome assessments are used to make decisions about students, teachers, a school, or even an entire school system. Progress Monitoring Assessments Accurate Answer:- Measure a student's overall progress during the school year or progress toward acquiring specific skills that have been taught. Examples:
- curriculum-based measures (CBMs)
- criterion-referenced tests
- reading inventories These tests can be given more than once a year and, depending on the assessment, sometimes quite frequently. Validity Accurate Answer:- the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to Reliability Accurate Answer:- Ability of a test to yield very similar scores for the same individual over repeated testings Homophone Accurate Answer:- a word that sounds the same as another word but has a different meaning and/or spelling Ex: sea/see Homograph Accurate Answer:- a word that's spelled the same as another word and means something different, but it doesn't have to sound the same Ex: bat (animal) or bat (for baseball) Homonym Accurate Answer:- are both homophones and homographs Accommodations Accurate Answer:- Changes "how" a student learns the materials Ex:
- audiobooks for dyslexic students
- seating close to teacher for attention
- extra time to complete assignments Modifications Accurate Answer:- changes "what" a student is taught or expected to learn Ex:
- shorter/easier reading assignments
- different homework than the rest of the class
- testing only 10 spelling words instead of 20
- alternate standardized assessments PreReading (Chall's Stages of Reading) Accurate Answer:- Birth- Kindergarten
- listen to stories
- pretend to read
- point to words and pictures
- recite alphabet
- recognize letters
- write their own name Work On: Oral Language Development Initial Reading (Chall's Stages of Reading) Accurate Answer:- 1st and 2nd Grade
- gain phonemic awareness
- letter/sound correspondence
- Focus on individual words Work On: letters represent sound, sound spelling relationships Confirmation and Fluency (Chall's Stages of Reading) Accurate Answer:- 2nd and 3rd Grade
- fluent word recognition with less effort
- repeated readings of familiar stories
- associate printed words with Stories they know/understand
This Text genre Encourages someone to do something. Accurate Answer:- Hortatory(from the word exhort= strongly encourage or urge) This text genre List the characteristics of something. Accurate Answer:- Descriptive Text What are some conditions in which children are at risk for reading difficulties (Group Risk Factors)? Accurate Answer:- -They are expected to attend schools in which achievement is chronically low-They reside in low-income families and live in poor neighborhoods-They have limited proficiency in spoken English-They speak a dialect of English that differs substantially from the one used in school What are some conditions in which children are at risk for reading difficulties (Individual Risk Factors)? Accurate Answer:- They are children of parents with histories of reading difficulty.-They have acquired less knowledge and skill pertaining to literacy during the preschool years, either through lack of appropriate home literacy experiences and/or as a result of some inherent cognitive limitations-They lack age-appropriate skills in literacy-related cognitive-linguistic processing, especially phonological awareness, confrontational naming, sentence/story recall, and general language ability-They have been diagnosed as having specific early language impairment, a hearing impairment, or a primary medical diagnosis with which reading problems tend to occur as a secondary symptom What percentage of English words are truly irregular? Accurate Answer:- 4% Number of Phonemes in the English Language? Accurate Answer:- 42- Number of Graphemes in the English language? Accurate Answer:- about 250 Concepts of Print
Book Handling Accurate Answer:- 1. Directionality
- Book Orientation
- Front/Back Covers
- Title/Author Concepts of Print Print Awareness Accurate Answer:- 1. Print Carries Meaning
- Print Vs. Pictures
- Alphabet Recognition
- Word/Letter Distinction Concepts of Print Text Conventions Accurate Answer:- 1. Spaces between words
- Return Sweep
- Punctuation
- Sentence Structure
- Direction of Print (where do I start reading, next?)
- One-to-one word correspondence
- Page Sequencing Concepts of Print Letter and Word Awareness Accurate Answer:- 1. Letter Sounds
- Letter Names
- Word Recognition Free Morphemes Accurate Answer:- - can stand alone as words
- do not need to be combined with other morphemes
- content words, function words Ex: woman, elephant, but, so, he Bound Morphemes Accurate Answer:- work as meaningful units only in combination with other morphemes
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (1990, 2004) Accurate Answer:- - free appropriate public education
- least restrictive environment
- tailored to individual needs
- students entitled to IEP
- specifies 14 categories to define students with disability
- specific learning disability is one (dyslexia is under it)
- Anyone qualified for an IEP is to receive special education services ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act (1990,2008) Accurate Answer:- - prohibits discrimination based on a person's disability
- meant to level the playing field for people with disabilities
- critical in ensuring that dyslexic students receive accommodations on high-stakes testing such as SAT, ACT, and graduate/professional schools. Section 504 (Rehabilitation Act of 1973) Accurate Answer:- - applied in cases where students may not qualify for an IEP, but may still require accommodations
- does not provide protections and services for children found eligible for and IEP under IDEA. Assimilated Prefixes (Chameleon Prefixes) Accurate Answer:- The last sound melds with the first sound of the root word for ease of pronunciation. Ex: ad- to, towards (a, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, at) com - together, with (co, col, con, for) dis - not, absense, apart (Dif) ex - out of (e) in - in, on, towards (il, im, ir) in - not (il, im, ir) ob - down, against, facing (oc,of, op)
sub - under, below, secondary (suc, suf, sug, sup, sus) Ehri's Phases of Word-Reading Development (Pre-Alphabetic) Accurate Answer:- Preschool Characteristics:
- environmental print
- some concepts of print Instructional Needs:
- phonemic awareness
- letters mean sounds
- letter names
- letter/sound correspondences
- early phonological skills Ehri's Phases of Word-Reading Development (Early Alphabetic, Partial Alphabetic) Accurate Answer:- Kindergarten/First Grade Characteristics:
- early phonological awareness
- knows letter names
- some letter-sound correspondences
- ID first consonant in word
- invented spelling Instructional Needs:
- difference between letter name/sound
- basic Phonemic Awareness (blend/segment)
- decoding left to right Ehri's Phases of Word-Reading Development (Later Alphabetic, Full Alphabetic) Accurate Answer:- Kindergarten/First Grade Characteristics:
- basic phoneme blending and segmenting 3/4 sounds
- Letter Sound correspondences
- Start sight word recognition Instructional Needs:
Informational/Expository Text Accurate Answer:- Nonfiction designed to inform, explain, report, describe, and/or persuade Features:
- present tense
- specialized, topic-specific vocabulary
- logical format
- many new ideas and concepts
- Text Features (table of contents, index, subtitles, charts) Ways Informational Text Can Be Organized Accurate Answer:- - Description
- Classification (Example)
- Process (Time and Sequence)
- Cause/Effect
- Problem/Solution
- Compare/Contrast Signs of Dyslexia (Preschool) Accurate Answer:- - late to learning to talk
- slow to learn new words
- mixes up pronunciations for longer words
- persistent struggle with difficult speech sounds
- may not enjoy looking at or following print in books read aloud Signs of Dyslexia (Kindergarten, Frist Grade, Beginning Reading Instruction) Accurate Answer:- - trouble remembering and recalling letter names
- struggles to recall sounds that letters represents
- struggles to break simple words into speech sounds
- trouble learning to recognize common words by sight
- does not spell the sounds of words in a plausible way so reader can understand Signs of Dyslexia (Second, Third Grade) Accurate Answer:- - unable to recognize important and common words by sight
- struggle with sounding out words and recalls wrong sounds for the letter/letter pattens
- struggles with spelling, speech sounds omitted, wrong letters for sounds, very liltle recall for common little words
- read too slowly, without expression, lots of errors
- Loses the "gist" of text because of speed/accuracy
- guesses at unknown words
- difficulty writing and completing work Signs of Dyslexia (Third - Sixth Grade) Accurate Answer:- - easily overwhelmed by reading/writing demands
- misreads directions or word problems
- struggles to keep up with school work
- continued struggle with spelling and producing written work
- needs extra time on oral reading tests
- typically does poorly when asked to read lists of single common words taken out of context
- Oral reading comprehension is high
- may avoid reading/writing at all costs Orthographic Mapping Accurate Answer:- The mental process used for storing words in memory for automatic retrieval, and which depends on proficiency with phoneme awareness, letter-sound correspondences, and recognition of patterns in print Orthographic Knowledge Accurate Answer:- knowledge of specific spellings and patterns in the spelling system Schema Accurate Answer:- Schema is a broader concept referring to the organized packets of information in our minds that help us understand the world Prior Knowledge Background Knowledge Accurate Answer:- a student's knowledge or previous experiences about a specific topic.
(EX: writing/drawing) Visual perceptual skills Accurate Answer:- Visual perceptual skills are the abilities the brain uses to interpret and understand what we see. These skills are crucial for various aspects of daily life, including learning, reading, writing, and even navigating our environment. Visual discrimination and memory are essential for recognizing letters, words, and symbols Structured Literacy (IDA Defintion) Accurate Answer:- teaches:
- Systematic word recognition/decoding strategies
- Phonology
- Sound/Symbol Association
- Syllables
- Morphology
- syntax
- semantics Uses:
- systematic (follows a logical order)
- cumulative (each step is based on what is learned before)
- Explicit (direct teaching, student/teacher interaction)
- Diagnostic (focused on individual needs through assessment) Essential for those with dyslexia Anglo Saxon Inflectional Suffixes Accurate Answer:- -ed -s/-es -er -est -ing Anglo Saxon Derivational Prefixes Accurate Answer:- a be en
un mis fore Anglo Saxon Derivational Suffixes Accurate Answer:- - hood -en -ly -ward -ness -less -most -ish What percentage of English vocabulary can be spelled accurately just by using phoneme-grapheme correspondences accurately? Accurate Answer:- 50% Concepts of print Accurate Answer:- A child's understanding that printed words carry meaning, and that reading and writing are ways to get information. It is an awareness of how print works and can be categorized into four main components:
- concept of book (parts of a book),
- concept of text (letters, words, and sentences), 3. directionality (we read top to bottom and left to right in English)
- mechanics (pause with a comma and full stop with a period). Dialogic reading Accurate Answer:- A lively, interactive read-aloud technique that is designed to improve reading comprehension. During story reading, the adult asks open-ended questions, adds information (for example, about the setting or a new vocabulary word), and prompts children to connect what they already know and what they are learning about the text. Disciplinary Literacy Accurate Answer:- Specialized texts and ways of using literacy in the disciplines. Historians, mathematicians, literary critics, and scientists read and write differently because they create different kinds of knowledge and
- reader and task (e.g., a reader's skill and the complexity of the reading task).
