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PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY EXAMCOMPREHENSIVE
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Who is John Bowlby? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> An object relations analyst and biographer of Darwin What did John Bowlby study? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The nature of child-caregiver relationship as source of mental problems Attachment Theory - CORRECT ANSWER >>> A theory that explores how early child-caregiver experiences shape our personalities and adult relationships Childhood Attachment - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The link between a child and his/her primary caregiver What is a caregivers' role? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> To provide security and protection for the child What is the purpose of a "secure base"? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> It enables the child to go off and explore the environment Children's attachment experiences will eventually become ______ - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Internalized (Bowlby called this a "working model"- AKA: relational schema, attachment style) With an emotionally warm and reliable caregiver... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The child will view relationships as stable and secure
With a cold and unsupportive caregiver... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The child will develop a much more negative view of relationships Attachment Dynamic (Circle of Security) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> A model that helps caregivers understand and support children's attachment needs, ultimately promoting secure attachment (AKA: Parent attending to the child's needs) Harry Harlow's Monkeys (1959) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> He raised baby rhesus monkeys with wire mothers or cloth mothers Result of Harlow's Monkey Experiment - CORRECT ANSWER >>>- Monkeys with cloth mothers were better adjusted
- They derived a sense of security and warmth from the cloth Secure Attachment - CORRECT ANSWER >>>- Develops when a child's caregiver is a source of comfort and security
- The child learns to trust others
- BEST psychological outcomes Anxious Attachment - CORRECT ANSWER >>>- An anxious, uncertain, and clingy style of attachment
- Develops when caregiver is unreliable
- Child might be difficult to comfort when scared Avoidant Attachment - CORRECT ANSWER >>>- Child avoids closeness and may be uncomfortable with emotional intimacy
- Develops when caregiver is consistently unavailable or abusive
Early attachment experiences with caregivers predict... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Attachment later in life Childhood attachment styles can shape... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Adult romantic relationships When saying goodbye at an airport, avoidant men... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Were less likely to seek contact from their partner When saying goodbye at an airport, anxious men and women... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Were more likely to be upset Adults high in anxious attachment are... - CORRECT ANSWER >>>- Higher on neuroticism
- Lower on conscientiousness Adults high in avoidant attachment are... - CORRECT ANSWER >>>- Lower on extraversion and agreeableness
- Lower (but less so) on conscientiousness Being in a stable, positive relationship can ______ attachment security - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Increase Anxiously attached people in a stable, trusting marriage become ____ anxious over time - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Less What kind of attachment style(s) suffer more from divorce? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Anxious or Avoidant attachment
Anxiety - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Nervousness about relationships along with a negative view of oneself Avoidance - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Lack of desire for emotional connection to relationship partners and a negative view of others A combination of ____ and ____ leads to four possible types of attachment - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Anxiety; Avoidance The Dimensional Model of Attachment - CORRECT ANSWER >>> A model that views attachment styles not as distinct categories, but as varying along two primary dimensions (anxiety & avoidance) Positive view of self (low anxiety) & Positive view of others (low avoidance) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Secure Negative view of self (high anxiety) & Positive view of others (low avoidance) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Preoccupied Positive view of self (low anxiety) & Negative view of others (high avoidance) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Dismissing Negative view of self (high anxiety) & Negative view of others (high avoidance) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Fearful Relationship Outcomes: Extraversion - CORRECT ANSWER >>>- Good for forming relationships
- More satisfied in relationships
- Maintain a large number of relationships
ANSWER >>> More Relationships among people with similar beliefs and views _____ - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Last longer Attitudes are NOT the same as personality (T or F) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> True Sometimes those with opposite levels of dominance are ____ attracted to each other - CORRECT ANSWER >>> More Relationships often demand _____ to function - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Self-Control People _____ in self-control are more accommodating - CORRECT ANSWER >>> High Accommodation reduces major strain on relationships by ______ - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Stopping spirals At a trait level, Self-Control is linked to... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Conscientiousness, mindfulness, and environment (like sleep; hangry) Accommodation Rusbult Model: Exit - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Walking out, physical and/or emotional abuse (Active & Destructive) Accommodation Rusbult Model: Voice - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Seeking outside help, negotiation, changing own behaviors (Active & Constructive) Accommodation Rusbult Model: Neglect - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Ignoring and withdrawing from partner, refusing to confront problems (Passive & Destructive)
Accommodation Rusbult Model: Loyalty - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Hoping for conditions to improve, making benign (harmless) attributions (Passive & Constructive) The Dark Triad in Relationships include: - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Psychopathy, Narcissism, & Machiavellianism (everyone falls somewhere on the continuum) Psychopathy - CORRECT ANSWER >>> A lack of empathy mixed with impulsivity Machiavellianism - CORRECT ANSWER >>> A lack of empathy and a willingness to exploit others Narcissism - CORRECT ANSWER >>> A lack of empathy and a sense of grandiosity People high in the Dark Triad Traits are more likely... - CORRECT ANSWER >>>- To take a gameplaying approach to relationships
- To be interested in short-term mating
- To be "players"
- To engage in mate-poaching Players (in relationships) are... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> People who engage in short-term relationships even when their partners desire a longer-term relationship Mate-Poaching - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Stealing someone else's partner The "Chocolate Cake Model" says that relationships with narcissists tend to start out ____ and end _____ - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Well; Poorly
A narcissists' satisfaction, excitement, and intimacy in a relationship _____ with time faster than a non-narcissistic person - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Decrease Online Dating Benefits include: - CORRECT ANSWER >>>- Access to a huge numbers of potential partners to communicate with
- May involve personality matching Personality Matching - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The use of personality testing to match potential mates (effectiveness is unknown) The BEST predictor of liking a a match is _____ - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Physical attractiveness Growth of online dating apps is moving from _____ matching (e.g., Match.com, Eharmony) to _____ based matching (e.g., Tinder, Grindr, GROWLr) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Profile; Location People's personality on Facebook looks a lot like their real-life personality (T or F) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> True- Imagine real life with LESS neuroticism and MORE polish People who self-enhance offline also selfenhance on Facebook (T or F) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> True What Big 5 traits drive a good deal of activity on social media? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Extraversion, Openness, Plasticity, and Narcissism What Big 5 traits put a damer of social media? (make it less enjoyable or less successful) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Conscientiousness and Stability
____ and _____ have the MOST SNS use on social media - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Neuroticism; Extraversion _____ and ____ have the LEAST SNS use on social media - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Agreeableness; Conscientiousness _____ has the MOST SNS friend use on social media - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Extraversion _____ has the LEAST SNS friend use on social media - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Conscientiousness Less SNS use is associated with _____ - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Stability (more agreeablness and conscientiousness; less neuroticism) More SNS use is associated with _____ - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Plasticity (more extraversion and openness to experience) Lens Model - CORRECT ANSWER >>> How we see others' personality Mental Disorders - CORRECT ANSWER >>> A pattern of mental symptoms causing significant problems in life (AKA: Psychopathology) _________ cause distress beyond what is normal, typical, or culturally appropriate - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Mental Disorders Most mental disorders are on a continuum (T or F) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> True- just like personality traits
PD behaviors CANNOT be due to: - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Another mental disorder OR a physical disorder Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) - CORRECT ANSWER >>>- The official manual for diagnosis of mental disorders
- American Psychiatric Associated (APA) 5th Edition
- There is also a current and emerging model Difficulties with current model: - CORRECT ANSWER >>>- PDs are NOT natural types/taxes (largely continuous)
- PDs are highly related and unclear (Lots of PD NOS diagnosis & co-morbidity) - Challenges for communication and treatment decisions for clinicians What did psychiatricts want to do to eliminate these issues with the current model? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Reduce the number of PDs Personality/Clinical Psychologists believed that... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The PD model should align normal with the personality model (They argued against the psychiatricts- current state reflects reality) The DSM personality disorders are arranged into ____ clusters - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Three- A, B, C (OR not otherwise specified, which includes 1 in 4 people with PDs) Cluster A - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Odd-Eccentric ("weird" or "mad") PDs Included:
- Paranoid PD
- Schizoid PD
- Schizotypal PD Paranoid PD - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Paranoid & Suspicious
- Trouble trusting friends
- Thinks benign remarks made by others are actually hostile
- Carries grudges for long periods
- High Neuroticism & Low Aggreableness Schizoid PD - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Detachment from close relationships & Overall lack of pleasure in life
- Shows NO interest in forming friendships, spending time with family, or having a romantic partner
- Appears to not enjoy ANY aspect of life
- Low Extraversion Schizotypal PD - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Problematic social relationships & Odd or eccentric thinking
- Has "ideas of reference" (Believing that certain aspects of the external world have a special meaning)
- Has unusual beliefs in psychic powers or body illusions (body is not in their control, or has an out-of-body experience)
- High Neuroticism & Low Extraversion/Agreeableness
- Very dramatic; "diva-like"
- Inappropriately sexual
- High Extraversion Narcissistic PD - CORRECT ANSWER >>> An inflated, grandiose view of the self, a desire for attention, lack of warmth, empathetic relationships with others
- Brags, shows off, or tries to draw attention toward themself
- Arrogant
- They consider themself to be special
- Wants to associate only with popular, high-status people
- High Extraversion & Low Agreeableness Cluster C - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Anxious-Fearful ("worried" or "sad") PDs Included:
- Avoidant PD
- Dependent PD
- Obsessive-Compulsive PD Avoidant PD - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Socially Anxious & Withdrawn
- Has trouble starting relationships due to fear of rejection
- Worries about being criticized so much that close relationships are difficult - High Neuroticism & Low Extraversion
Dependent PD - CORRECT ANSWER >>> A need to be cared for or dependent upon another individual
- Unable to make decisions without someone else's approval
- Needs a tremendous amount of reassurance (can't act effectively without it) - High Neuroticism Obsessive-Compulsive PD - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Only concerned with being perfect or orderly
- Has trouble working with others because they need to control every aspect of a situation
- Has trouble adapting to new situations because of their need for control - High Conscientiousness People with PDs are usually high in _____ and low in ______ - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Neuroticism; Agreeableness People with PDs are MORE _________ than the average person - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Anxious, depressive, hostile, callous, grandiose, and manipulative Only those with ______ PD score a bit above average in agreeableness - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Dependent PDs vary widely in _____ - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Extraversion People with Histrionic PD & Narcissistic PD are ____ in extraversion - CORRECT ANSWER >>> High
- Low in Extraversion (and the other 2 Big 5) Genetic factors explain around ___% of the variation in personality disorders - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 50% More people with PDs had parents who were emotionally ____ and ____ - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Cold; Distant __________ experiences make PDs more likely - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Negative Childhood Experiences Parents of people with PDs were more likely to: - CORRECT ANSWER >>>- Have extreme parenting styles
- Use guilt
- NOT express affection ____ are more than twice as likely to have a PD than ____ - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Men; Women Men are 5 times as likely to have a PD in Cluster ___ - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Cluster A (Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal) Men are MORE likely than women to suffer from: - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Narcissistic PD, Obsessive-Compulsive PD, Schizotypal PD, Antisocial PD Personality disorder symptoms lessen as people mature (T or F) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> True PD symptoms peak during ________ and
then decline - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Early Adolescence Personality disorders are difficult to treat (T or F) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> True Treatment Strategies for PDs include: - CORRECT ANSWER >>>- Psychodynamic Therapy
- Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
- Medications What is a specific therapy treatment for Borderline PD? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Dialectical Behavior Therapy (well-studied) Which PD has little to no way of treatment? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Schizoid PD Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> A scale designed to capture more extreme and pathological behaviors (The Big 5 CANNOT do this) The PID-5 consists of 5 main traits: - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 1. Negative Affectivity
- Detachment
- Antagonism
- Disinhibition
- Psychoticism Negative Affectivity Facets (extreme neuroticism) - CORRECT ANSWER >>>- Submissiveness
- Restricted Affectivity
- Separation Insecurity
- Anxiousness
- Emotional Instability
