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PHARMACOLOGY - PPT
Pharmacology - The study of drugs and origin Pharmacologic Process - Important factors in determining the response of a drug at its site of action Pharmacodynamics - is the study of effect of a drug to an organism or the body, Pharmacokinetics - is the study of how the organism affects the drug. Both together influence dosing, benefit, and adverse effects. Pharmaco-dynamics - It is the relationship between: The concentration of drug at the site of action & The biochemical & Physiological effect PHARMACOKINETICS - Drug mechanism/processing in the body PHARMACOKINETICS - The study of the 1.liberation, 2.absorption, 3.distribution, 4.metabolism, and 5.excretion of drugs
to determine the relationship between the dose of a drug and the drug's concentration in biological fluids Liberation - the process in which a pharmaceutical substance is released / separate from the formulation it is delivered in. disintegration, disaggregation, and dissolution. - The process of liberation into three steps: Absorption - Passage of a drug from the site of administration or membrane into the bloodstream. o Physicochemical effects o Dosage form o Route of administration o Interactions with other substances o Client characteristics Distribution - Movement of medications from the blood into various body fluids and tissues. o Blood flow o Cell membrane permeability o Protein-binding capacity of the medication Metabolism (biotransformation) - Inactivates the medication and changes it into a form that can be excreted more easily. o Presence of enzymes in the liver o Diseases and other conditions o Genetic factors
Client Factors Influencing Drug Action o Client's age, sex, weight and diet o Renal and liver function o Genetic factors o Amount of body fat o Psychological state - FACTORS WHICH ALTER MEDICATION ACTION Desired -therapeutic Side effects - nontherapeutic - EFFECTS OF DRUGS DESIRED - therapeutic SIDE EFFECTS - NON THERAPEUTIC o Side Effects o Adverse Reactions o Toxic Effects o Drug Allergy o Idiosyncratic Reaction o Drug Tolerance - NON-THERAPEUTIC DRUG ACTIONS TERATOGENIC - Effects from maternal drug administration that cause physical defects in a fetus
idiosyncrasy - Unique unusual response to a drug PARADOXICAL - Opposite effect from that expected TOLERANCE - Decreased response to a drug DEPENDENCY - Acquired need for a drug that may produce symptoms when the drug is discontinued Hypersensitivity - Immune response to a drug Drug names and classification Sources of drugs Drug mechanism/processing in the body (pharmacokinetics) Variables influencing drug action Nursing management/considerations Dosage calculations - Drug names and classification DRUGS - Refers to the type of preparation in which the drug is supplied o Preparation depends in the most suitable for its intended route of delivery and means absorption MEDICATION NAMES - Drug, medication, and medicine are often used interchangeably.
relieve pain Antacids - Neutralize stomach acids Antianxiety - Relieve anxiety without marked drowsiness Antidiarrheals - treat diaihhrea Ø Antiarrhythmias - o Convert any unusual heart rate or rhythm back to sinus rhythm Antibiotics - o Treat infection Ø Anticholinergics - o Block the action neurotransmitters and acetylcholine anticonvulsant - Control seizures Anti depressant - o relieve depression Antiemetics - o prevent nausea & control vomiting
anti fungal - o relieve infection due to fungi antihelmentics - o treat worm infestation Ø Antihistamines - o control allergic reaction Ø Antihypertensives - control chronic HPN Antiplatelets - o block platelet aggregation (MI and stokes) antipsychotic drugs - o reduce psychotic symptoms antipyretics - lowers the fever Antipasamodics - o Decrease GI tone and motility Antitussives - o depress cough center in the CNS Anti virals - o treat infection due to pathogenic virus
o liquefy mucus secretions Ø Fluoroquinolones - o broad spectrum antibiotics Ø Glucocorticoids - o anti-inflammatory hypnotics - promote sleep hypoglycemics - lowers the blood inotropic - strengthen heart contraction insulin - o insulin replacement therapy Laxatives - helps you to poop macrolides - o antibiotics: erythromycin, azithromycin Ø Miotics/ Mydriatics - o used to constrict the pupil
Ø Neuromuscular blockers - o temporary paralyzing the muscle Nitrates - o degrade nitric oxide, vasodilator to treat angina NSAIDs - o nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory osmotic diuretics - o promote excretion of water oxytocics - o stimulate uterine contraction sedatives - o calm an anxious person, promote drowsiness THrombolytics - o dissolve thrombi by promoting the digestion of fibrin tricyclics - anti depressant vasodilators - o relax the arteriolar smooth muscle
