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Pharmacy Math
How many milliliters (mL) are in 1 teaspoon (tsp)? - 1 tsp = 5 mL How many milliliters (mL) in 1 tablespoon (tbsp)? - 1 tbsp = 15 mL How many teaspoons (tsp) are in 1 tablespoon (tbsp)? - 1 tbsp = 3 tsp How many milliliters (mL) are in 1 fluid ounce (fl oz)? - 1 fl oz = 30 mL (29.57 mL actual) How many fluid ounces (fl oz) and milliliters (mL) are in 1 cup? - 1 cup = 8 fl oz 1 cup = 240 mL (236.56 mL actual) How many pounds (lbs) are in 1 kilogram (kg)? - 1 kg = 2.2 lbs How many grams (g) are in 1 ounce (oz)? - 1 oz = 28.4 g How many milligrams (mg) are in 1 grain (gr)? - 1 gr = 65 mg How many centimeters (cm) are in 1 inch (in)? -
1 in = 2.54 cm How many inches (in) are in 1 foot (ft)? - 1 ft = 12 in How many centimeters (cm) are in 1 meter (m)? - 1 m = 100 cm How many deciliters (dL) are in 1 liter (L)? - 1 L = 10 dL How do you convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius? - If F→C, subtract 32 then divide by 1.8. C = (F-32)/1. If C→F, multiply 1.8 then add 32. F = (Cx1.8)+ How do you convert percentage strength to ratio strength? - ratio strength = 100 / % strength How do you convert ratio strength to percentage strength? - % strength = 100 / ratio strength What equation do you use to calculate osmolarity (mOsmol/L)? - [weight of substance (g/L)] / [MW (g/mol) ] x # of dissociation particles x 1000 What is the difference between calculating osmolarity and miliosmoles? -
How do you calculate fluid requirements for a patient? - 1500 ml + (20 mL)(Wt - 20) *When weight > 20 kg, use total body weight (kg) unless otherwise stated. How many calories (kcal) are provided for the following nutrients? Protein (amino acids) Carbohydrates Dextrose Glycerol Fat Injectable Lipid Emulsions (10%, 20%, 30%) - Protein (amino acids) = 4 kcal/g Carbohydrates = 4 kcal/g Dextrose = 3.4 kcal/g Glycerol = 4.3 kcal/g Fat = 9 kcal/g ILE 10% = 1.1 kcal/mL ILE 20% = 2 kcal/mL ILE 30% = 3 kcal/mL How do you calculate corrected calcium levels? - 0.8(4 - albumin) + [Ca observed] How do you calculate body mass index (BMI)? - BMI = weight (kg) / height^2 (m) What are the classifications for BMI? -
Underweight < 18. Normal weight 18.6 - 24. Overweight 25 - 29. Obese > 30 What are the "high risk" criteria for waist circumference for men and women? - Men > 40 in Women > 35 in What are the formulas for Ideal Body Weight for males and females? - Male (kg) = 50 + 2.3(#in > 5ft) Female (kg) = 45.5 + 2.3(#in > 5ft) How do you calculate Adjusted Body Weight? - ABW = IBW + 0.4(Wt - IBW) Which medications should you use Ideal Body Weight (IBW) to calculate dose? - Theophylline, Aminophylline, Acyclovir, Levothyroxine *these have narrow therapeutic indexes Which medications should you use Adjusted Body Weight (ABW) to calculate dose for an obese patient?
- Aminoglycosides (gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, neomycin, streptomycin) *only used ABW if pt is obese, otherwise use their total weight or IBW Which lab values do you consider to determine if a patient is dehydrated? - BUN:SCr > 20:
- High anion gap > 12 mEq/L Fishbone diagram for metabolic panel - salt, bun, banana, soda, ice cream What are the causes of gap acidosis? (CUTE DIMPLES) - Cyanide, Uremia, Toluene, Ethanol (alcoholic ketoacidosis), Diabetic ketoacidosis, Isoniazid, Methanol, Propylene glycol, Lactic acidosis, Ethylene glycol, Salicylates Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for weak acids - pH = pKa + log (salt/acid) Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for weak bases - pH = pKa + log (base/salt) *pKa = 14 - pKb pH > pKa - When pH > pKa, more of the acid is ionized, and more of the conjugate base is unionized pH = pKa - When pH = pKa, the ionized (not protonated) and unionized forms are equal pH < pKa - When pH < pKa, more of the acid is unionized, and more of the conjugate base is ionized How much elemental calcium (%) is in calcium citrate (Citracal)? - Calcium citrate contains 21% elemental calcium
How much elemental calcium (%) is in calcium carbonate (Oscal, Tums)? - Calcium carbonate contained 40% elemental calcium
- How do you convert the dose of aminophylline to theophylline?
- How do you dose aminophylline and theophylline? -
- Remember "ATM", Aminophylline → Theophylline Multiply 0.
- Dose by IBW Why does Clozapine (Clozaril, Fazaclo) need a REMS program? (i.e. what does it cause?, what do you need to monitor?) - Clozapine can cause neutropenia. It can not be refilled if ANC < 1,000 cells/mm3. Monitor for signs of infection. How do you calculate ANC (absolute neutrophil count)? - ANC = WBC x [ (%seg + %bands) / 100 ] Translate the following sigs: OS, OD, OU AS, AD, AU - OS = Left eye AS = Left ear OD = Right eye AD = Right ear OU = Each eye AU = Each ear What is the dexamethasone equivalent of prednisone 5 mg? - Prednisone 5 mg = Dexamethasone 0.75 mg How do you calculate the corrected phenytoin level or corrected valproate level? - Phenytoin and valproate require a specific formula to calculate the corrected drug level when the albumin is low (< 3.5 g/dL)
