Download PHGY 216 Exam Study Guide: Fluid Balance and Renal Physiology and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity!
PHGY 216 EXAM STUDY GUIDE
ICF - Answer fluid within cells composing 2/3 of total body fluid ECF - Answer fluid surrounding cells composing 1/3 of total body fluid1/5 plasma, 4/5 interstitial fluid, lymph & transcellular fluid are negligible Barriers between plasma and IF - Answer separated by blood vessel walls; atcapillaries, all plasma contents can freely exchange with IF except for proteins any change in one of these compartments is quickly reflected in the other Barriers between ICF and ECF - Answer plasma membrane that surrounds each cell ofthe body does not allow for exchange of proteins from ICF to ECF unequal distribution of ions due to a lack of passive movement from either ICF/ECFconstituents across the plasma membrane Ion concentrations in ICF vs ECF - Answer ICF is richer in K+ ions, while ECF is richer inNa+ Overall fluid balance is dependent on regulating _____ - Answer ECF ECF volume is closely regulated to maintain _____ by changing ______ volume - Answerblood pressure, plasma Short term control factors of BP - Answer baroreceptor reflex and fluid shifts Long term control factors of BP - Answer primary function of the kidney - control of fluidinput/output ____ is important in long term regulation of ECF volume - Answer Salt balance Na+ and Cl- account for ____ of ECF solutes - Answer 90%____ follows Na+ when it is transported across a membrane, to control ECF volume - Answer Water Salt input - Answer poor as it is dependent on dietary salt, but must be replenishedeveryday intake ~3.5g/day, output ~0.5g/day (higher with activity) Salt output - Answer excess salt must be eliminated through feces, sweat, or kidneysThe ____ has the largest role in salt elimination - Answer kidneys Hypertonic ECF - Answer solution outside of the cell has more solutes than solution
inside, forcing water movement out of the cell cell shrinkageHypotonic ECF - Answer solution outside of the cell has fewer solutes than solution inside, forcing water movement into the cell cell expansionCauses of hypertonicity - Answer insufficient water intake, diabetes insipidus (deficiency in vasopressin), excessive water loss through sweat, prolonged vomiting ordiarrhea Causes of hypotonicity - Answer renal failure (treat with dialysis), rapid water ingestion,over secretion of vasopressin Isotonic fluids - Answer have equal osmolarity to normal body fluidsinjection intravenously (into plasma) does not change ECF concentration Regulation of water balance - Answer hypothalamic osmoreceptors located nearvasopressin-secreting and thirst centre Vasopressin - Answer Promotes water retention Regulation of water balance, given large ECF volume loss - Answer at >7% loss of ECFand BP, atrial volume receptors stimulate hypothalamic pathways to stimulate vasopressin release and thirst Primary functions of the kidney - Answer maintain ECF volume, electrolyte composition,and osmolarity In presence of excess water or particular electrolyte, kidneys will _____ - Answerincrease elimination In water or solute deficit, kidneys will _____, but ______ - Answer further reduceelimination, cannot actively correct the deficit Outer layer of the kidney - Answer renal cortexGland sitting on the kidney - Answer adrenal gland Inner layer of the kidney - Answer renal medulla Inter core of the kidney - Answer renal pelvisThe renal pelvis empties into the _____ - Answer ureter Functional unit of the kidney - Answer nephronVascular component of the nephron - Answer renal artery, afferent arteriole,
Glomerular filtration is _____, so the glomerular filtrate that enters the tubules is ___ tothe plasma with the exception of _____ - Answer nonselective, identical, plasma proteins
In order for blood to be filtered, it must pass through the layer of the glomerulus: ______,______, and ______ - Answer glomerular capillary wall, basement membrane, inner layer of the Bowman's capsule Glomerular capillary wall - Answer single layer of endothelial cells with many largepores
large pores allow some small proteins to pass through Basement membrane - Answer contains no cells and is made of collagen to providestructural strength
-ve charged glycoproteins discourage filtration of small proteins (ex. albumin) Inner layer of Bowman's capsule - Answer composed of podocytes that form narrowfiltration slits to allow fluid to pass into the Bowman's capsule
Glomerular capillary blood pressure - Answer pressure exerted by the blood in theglomerular capillaries
greater diameter of the glomerular arteriole, the greater the pressure Plasma-colloid oncotic pressure - Answer presence of large plasma proteins thatcannot be filtered, resisting water movement into Bowman's capsule
Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure - Answer pressure of fluid in the Bowman'scapsule, resisting water movement into the Bowman's capsule
The net filtration coefficient considers the ___, ____, and ____ of glomerular filtration -Answer surface area available, permeability, and net filtration pressure
Plasma-colloid and Bowman's capsule pressures are considered ____ - Answerconstants
Kidney stone in the ureter, effect on GF - Answer increases Bowman's capsulehydrostatic pressure, decreasing GF
Diarrhea, effect on GF - Answer more fluid lost than taken in, decreasing blood pressureand plasma volume, increasing plasma-colloid pressure, decreasing GF
changes in GFR and ______ proportional to glomerular capillary blood pressure - Answerdirectly
Controlled changes in GFR - Answer myogenic activity, tubuloglomerular feedback Vasodilation _____ GFR - Answer increases Vasoconstriction _____ GFR - Answer decreases Kidneys receive ____% of cardiac output - Answer 22 the SNS innervates the ____ of the kidneys, to allow for correction of depleted fluidlevels - Answer afferent arterioles
Tubular reabsorption is highly selective and ____ - Answer variable
Function of aldosterone - Answer promotes sodium retention Aldosterone ____ Na+ channels in the luminal membrane and Na+K+ATPase pumps inthe basolateral membrane - Answer increases
Function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) - Answer inhibits sodium retention Triggers of renin secretion - Answer drop in BP, increases SNS, luminal Na+ decreases Main actions of ANP - Answer inhibit Na+ reabsoption and renin secretion, dilateafferent arteriole to increase GFR
Any substance that is actively reabsorbed will bind to a _____ in the plasma membrane -Answer specific carrier protein
tubular transport maximum is due to a _____ of carrier proteins - Answer limited number When Tm is exceeded, the excess will be excreted in the ______ - Answer urine Renal and normal plasma concentration thresholds are the same for ___ and ____ -Answer phosphate and calcium
____ control can modify renal thresholds to modify reabsorption to match the body'sneeds - Answer hormonal
There is an ___ relationship between phosphate and calcium in the plama - Answerinverse
Increased calcium and decreased phosphate in the plasma directly _____ PTHsuppression - Answer suppresses
PTH ___ phosphate reabsorption by the kidneys - Answer increases ___ in plasma increases activation of vitamin D within the kidney which ____ absorptionof phosphate in the intestine - Answer decrease, promotes
glucose is _____ filterable - Answer freely Passive absorption of ___, ___, and ___ are dependent on Na+ reabsorption - Answerwater, Cl, and urea
___ urea is excreted in renal failure - Answer less Water is mostly reabsorbed in the _____ tubule - Answer proximal K+ is freely filterable in the glomerulus and actively reabsorbed in the _____ - Answerproximal tubule
K+ is secreted to the ___ and ___ tubule - Answer distal and collecting reabsorbing tubular segments have K+ channels in the ____ membrane - Answerbasolateral
K+ secretion is ____ and dependent upon _____ pump - Answer active, Na+K+ATPase rise in K+ directly stimulates release of _____ - Answer aldosterone
than normal bodily fluids vasopressin ___ the the number of aquaporin molecules in the luminal membrane -Answer increases
Osmotic diuresis - Answer increased excretion of water and excess unreabsorbedsolute
seen in diabetics with high glucose levels excess glucose attracts water and increases urine production Water diuresis - Answer increased excretion of water with little to no change in excretedsolutes
____ occurs following alcohol consumption as vasopressin is suppressed - Answerwater diuresis
Urine is stored in the ____ - Answer bladder Urine is transmitted through the ureters by ____ contractions - Answer peristaltic Bladder is highly innervated by the ____, with stimulation causing contraction - AnswerPSNS
Internal sphincter of the bladder is under _____ control - Answer voluntary When the bladder is relaxed, the internal urethral sphincter ____ the outlet to the urethra- Answer closes
External sphincter of the urethra is supported by the _____ and kept closed by ____ ofmotor neurons - Answer pelvic diaphragm, tonic firing
Skeletal muscle of the ____ sphincter of the urethra can tighten to prevent urination -Answer external
5 stages of nutrient breakdown - Answer ingestion, digestion, absorption, distribution,usage
Carbohydrate digestive process - Answer ingested as polysaccharides and absorbed asmonosaccharides
Plant based polysaccharides are mainly ____ - Answer starches Meat polysaccharides mainly contain _____ - Answer glycogen fat digestive process - Answer ingested as TAGs and broken down to 2FA and 1 glycerolwith a FA attached
protein digestive processes - Answer proteins breakdown into single AAs and smallpolysaccharides
enzymatic digestion occurs by _____ - Answer hydrolysis Mucosa - Answer innermost layer that lines the luminal surface highly folded to increase surface area for absorption
