Download Philippine Literature: A Comprehensive Overview and more Lecture notes Global studies in PDF only on Docsity!
Philippine history started in 1521 Literature Origin term- letra (letter) French term "belles letter" (beautiful writing - creative work, which is a form and beauty Story of a man - deals with ideas, emotions and thoughts We learn the innermost feelings and thoughts of people One of seven arts (music, dance, painting, sculpting, theatre, architecture) plays the vital role in our lives. Geography Study of places and the relationships between people and their environments Language system of conventional spoken which individuals express themselves Ethnicity Notion that refers to social entities sharing real or putative ascriptive features like a common origin or cultural-linguistic legacy Two main division -Prose -poetry Prose written in paragraph form ( form ) expressed by ordinary words (language) intellect (to appeal) to convince, inform, instruct, imitate, reflect.( aim) Poetry written jn stanza or verse form ( form ) expressed in metrical, rhymical, figurative language ( language) to the emotion (to appeal) stir the imagination and set an ideal of how life should be (aim) Timeline of literature PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD Filipinos had a civilization of their own which is the MALAY setllers Pre-colonial inhabitants of our islands showcase a rich past through their folk speeches, folk songs, folk narratives and indigenous rituals and mimetic dances that affirm our ties with our Southeast Asian neighbors.
folk speeches is the ( riddle ) which is ( tigma ) in Cebuano , ( bugtong ) in Tagalog , ( paktakon ) in Ilongo and ( patototdon ) in Bicol. Central to the riddle is the talinghaga, or metaphor, because there are subtle resemblances between two unlike objects (Literary forms) Bugtong(riddle) A mysterious, misleading, or puzzling question posed as a problem to be solved or guessed CHANTS (Bulong) Used in witchcraft or enchantment PROVERBS (Salawikain) Short poems that have customarily used and served as laws or rules on good behavior by our ancestors Ex. Pag may tiyaga, may nilaga. FOLK SONGS A song that originates in traditional popular culture Ex. Uyayi – lullaby Kundiman – melancholic love song Komintang – war song Kalusan – work song Harana – serenade Kanogan – song of lamentation for the dead FOLK TALES Myths A usually traditional story of ostensibly historical events that serves to unfold part of the world view of people or explain a practice, belief or natural phenomenon Ex. The Gods and the Goddesses (Iloko) How the Moon and the Stars Came to be (Mindanao) Legend Explaining the origin of things FABLES Used animal characters and allegory EPICS Revolving around supernatural events or heroic deeds SPANISH REGIME (1565- 1863) Introduced as the medium communication
Laura(1838–1861).
2. Pedro Paterno - wrote Sampaguitas y poesias varias (1880 ), and the novel in **Spanish Ninay (1885), (first Filipino novel)
- Jose Rizal**
- prominent ilustrado and the country’s national hero,
- writer of the novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.
- Andres Bonifacio
- founder of the Katipunan wrote the poem **“Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa.”
- Leona Florentino** known as the “mother of Philippine women’s literature,”
- Twenty of her poems were preserved and exhibited in Europe.
- poet in both Ilocano and Spanish. 6. Gaspar Aquino de Belen
- a Filipino poet and translator of the 17th century
- for authoring a 1704 rendition of the Pasyon: passion,death and resurrection of Jesus, which has circulated in many versions. 7. Jose de la Cruz
- the foremost exponent of the Komedya
- A poet of prodigious output and urbane style, THE NATIONALISTIC PERIOD (1864-1896) Planted seeds of nationalism in Filipinos Language shifted from Spanish to Tagalog Addressed the masses instead of the “intelligentsia” Literary Forms **1. Propaganda
- Reformatory in objective o Political essay - satires, editorials and news articles were written to attack and expose the evils of Spanish rule i. Diariong Tagalog –** founded by Marcelo del Pilar ii. La Solidaridad – whose editor-in-chief is Graciano Lopez-Jaena o Political Novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo – Jose Rizal’s masterpieces that paved The way to the revolution
2. Revolutionary Literature more propagandistic than literary as it is more violent in nature and demanded complete independence for the country o Political Essays – helped inflame the spirit of revolution i. Kalayaan – newspaper of the society, edited by Emilio Jacinto Poetry i. True Decalogue – Apolinario Mabini ii. Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas – Andres Bonifacio iii. Liwanag at Dilim – Emilio Jacinto Bonifacio, Jacinto and Mabini the prominent revolutionary writers Jose Palma he wrote Filipinas. He also wrote the Himno Nacional Filipino Julian Felipe He composed The Philippine National Anthem or Marcha Magdalo. Overview of Philippine Colonial Period I. Spanish Colonial Period (1565-1898) Divisions: o Early Spanish Period (1565-1863) : Focused on religious and secular literature. o Later Revolutionary Period (1864-1896) : Emergence of nationalism. Literary Characteristics: o Languages used: Spanish, Tagalog, and other vernaculars. o Shift from Spanish to Tagalog due to rising nationalism. o Introduction of the xylographic press led to the publication of religious materials and early books. Notable Genres:
Literary Characteristics: o Limited publications; most works were pessimistic. o Shift to Tagalog and vernaculars as English was largely banned. o Emergence of Haiku and flourishing of Tagalog short stories. Notable Writers: o Carlos P. Romulo : Award-winning author with works highlighting Filipino resilience. o Narciso Reyes : Recognized for his short story "Lupang Tinubuan." Post-Colonial Period (1945-Present) After the War 1944: Sergio S. Osmeña, Sr. became president after Manuel L. Quezon's death while in U.S. exile. April 1946: Manuel A. Roxas defeated Osmeña, becoming president of the Independent Second Republic. 1948: Elpidio R. Quirino took over after Roxas died of a heart attack. 1953: Ramon F. Magsaysay was elected but died in a plane crash in
Post-Magsaysay: Carlos P. Garcia succeeded him and served until
Diosdado P. Macapagal: Changed Philippine Independence Day to June 12 and recognized Jose P. Laurel’s presidency. Martial Law Period 1965: Ferdinand E. Marcos assumed the presidency and was re- elected in 1969. September 21, 1972: Marcos declared Martial Law, establishing "The New Society," leading to widespread opposition. Elections in 1978 & 1981: Held to stabilize the nation; Marcos won both. Death of Ninoy Aquino: Sparked calls for Marcos' removal. 1986 EDSA Revolution: A bloodless uprising led by Corazon Aquino and supporters, resulting in Marcos' ousting. Snap Election 1986: Corazon Aquino became the 11th president, ending 21 years of Marcos' rule.
Marcos' Exile: He fled to Hawaii, where he died on September 28,
Philippines After the Martial Law Period (5th Republic to Present) Political Developments Cory Aquino Administration: Characterized by chaos; faced challenges in political and economic recovery. Debt Crisis: The Philippines was pressured by the IMF to pay $27. billion, attributed to debts from the Marcos era. Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998): Known as the "Centennial President," he focused on recovery efforts and was awarded a UNESCO Peace Award for achieving an agreement with the MILF. Joseph Estrada (1998-2001): Film actor elected president with a pro- poor campaign; ousted due to corruption and gambling scandals. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001-2010): Faced multiple impeachment complaints over corruption and electoral fraud; served after Estrada’s ousting. Benigno "Noynoy" Aquino III (2010-2016): Elected president after Arroyo. Rodrigo Duterte (2016-Present): Current president, known for his controversial policies as a lawyer and politician. Dimensions of Philippine Literature Post-War Literature: Filipino writers explored new themes and techniques. Notable early work: Cooling by Macario Pineda, reflecting social, political, and moral issues. Rise of English Literature: Fueled by American influence, with many still using vernacular languages. o Contributing Factors:
- Establishment of the University of the Philippines (1906) with English as the medium of instruction.
- Founding of the Philippine Writers Association (1981).
- Establishment of the Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards (1955). Common Themes: War experiences highlighted in works like Stevan Javellana's Without Seeing the Dawn (1947) and Riberto Tiongson's Watch in the Night. Influence of Spanish and American Styles: Nick Joaquin’s use of flashback techniques exemplified this blend. Notable Works in Vernacular: Lazaro Francisco's Banaag at Sikat (1902), Sugat ng Asala (1950), and others showcased traditional themes and styles.
Mindanao Cultural Diversity : Home to three groups: Christian settlers, Moro Muslims, and Lumads, each with distinct literary traditions. Challenges : Mindanao literature often faces neglect and misrepresentation, particularly regarding the "Moro-Moro" narratives that portray Muslims negatively. Oral Traditions : Much of Mindanao's literature remains oral, consisting of epics, folk stories, and poetry. Calls for Representation : Efforts are underway to support Mindanao literature and address biases in historical narratives. Contemporary Authors Luzon Lualhati Torres Bautista : A leading Tagalog fiction writer known for works like Dekada '70 , which tackles women's issues and explores the struggles during the martial law era. Her novel Bata, Bata... Pa'no Ka Ginawa? also addresses maternal concerns in a changing society. Roberto "Bob" Ong : An anonymous author famous for humorous and relatable narratives about Filipino culture, including works like ABNKKBSNPLAko?! , which reflects on the educational system, and Alamat ng Gubat , a satirical take on societal issues. Visayas Resil B. Mojares : A National Artist and historian from Cebu, celebrated for his essays and historical analyses that delve into Filipino identity and culture, including works such as The Battle of Cebu and Waiting for the Barbarians. Peter Solis Nery : An award-winning Hiligaynon writer known for his poetry and short stories. His notable works include Umanhon nga Gugma (Love of the Rural Folks) and the screenplay Buyong , which showcases his command of both literary and dramatic forms. Mindanao Anthony L. Tan : A poet and essayist from Sulu whose work includes The Bajao Cemetery and Other Poems , exploring themes of identity and cultural heritage. Myrna Peña Reyes : A poet whose works, such as Memory’s Mercy: New and Selected Poems and Almost Home: Poems , have received international recognition, highlighting themes of memory, place, and the nuanced experiences of life in Mindanao.
National Artist of the Philippines Definition: The National Artist title is the highest honor for Filipino citizens in various arts fields, including music, dance, literature, visual arts, film, and architecture. Administration: Managed by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) and the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP), with the President granting the title based on recommendations. Criteria for Selection: Significant contributions to Philippine arts. National impact and influence on cultural heritage. Longevity of work that endures over generations. Privileges: National recognition for contributions. Immortality through preservation in cultural history. Access to financial support and government project participation Prominent Filipino Literary Figures and Their Works Edith Tiempo Born: April 22, 1919, in San Nicolas, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya. Education: Graduated magna cum laude from Silliman University (1947) with a B.S. in Education (English). Earned a doctorate in English from the University of Denver (1958). Contributions: A key figure in promoting Philippine literature; she received the National Artist Award for Literature. Notable Works: o The Builder (novel) o His Native Coast (novel) o Lament for the Littlest Fellow (poetry) o A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino (essay) o The Volume of the Sea (poetry collection) Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzalez Born: (Date not specified), in a family of educators, grew up in Mindoro. Education: Taught college courses at the University of the Philippines without a degree; involved in Manila’s literary scene.
- Cultural Context
- Definition: Involves the values, beliefs, and customs of the society depicted in the text. It shapes characters’ behaviors and societal expectations.
- Example: In Han Kang's The Vegetarian , the protagonist’s choice to stop eating meat challenges Korean cultural norms regarding obedience and family roles.
- Meaning: Understanding the cultural context is crucial for grasping the protagonist’s rebellion against societal constraints on identity.
- Social Context
- Definition: Refers to societal structures, class divisions, and economic factors that influence relationships and interactions within the narrative.
- Example: In Tayari Jones' An American Marriage , systemic racism and the criminal justice system shape the lives of the African American couple, highlighting issues of racial injustice.
- Meaning: Social context deepens the understanding of characters' struggles, emphasizing the impact of societal issues on personal lives.
- Biographical Context
- Definition: Involves the author’s life experiences and personal history, which often manifest in their writing.
- Example: Ta-Nehisi Coates' Between the World and Me reflects his experiences as a Black man in America, addressing systemic racism and violence.
- Meaning: Knowing Coates’ background adds authenticity to the narrative, helping readers connect with broader societal issues. Conventional Literary Genres
POETRY
an imaginative awareness of experience expressed through meaning, sound and rhythmic language choices to evoke an emotional response. DRAMA a composition in prose or verse presenting in dialogue or pantomime a story involving conflict more contrast of character, especially on intended to be acted on a stage: a play. FICTION literature created from the imagination, not presented as fact, though it may be based on a true story or situation. NON-FICTION based on facts and the author’s opinion about a subject. The purpose of non- fiction writing is to inform and sometimes to persuade. 21st-century literary genres. Graphic novels are narratives in comic book format, including examples like 'Mythology Class'. Manga , a Japanese term for comics, with popular titles like 'Jujutsu Kaisen' and 'One Piece'. Doodle fiction combines doodle writing and drawing with traditional text, enhancing the story with humor. Chick literature deals with modern womanhood, featuring female protagonists and issues of femininity. Flash fiction is a style of fiction with extreme brevity, often ranging from a few words to a thousand. Six-Word flash fiction also known as six-word story, popularize by Earnest Hemingway and Margaret Atwood Creative non-fiction uses literary styles to create narratives based on facts. Science fiction explores imaginative concepts like futuristic technology, space travel, and extraterrestrial life. Web blogs , including website-based short articles called post, contains one opinion, interest and experiences Hyperpoetry ( Cyberpoetry ) poems using hypertext markup, poems that move and transform.
