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Phone evolution

and revolution

Esther Cerdeño

IT Deputy Manager MAPFRE RE Madrid - Spain

Throughout its history, telephony has changed, new ways of communication have been devised, new models have been launched to meet the constantly changing demands of society, and at times, creating needs inconceivable up until then.

The first telephone device was invented at the end of the 19 th^ century. No one could have imagined that phones would evolve so remarkably and have such wide-reaching effects 135 years later.

Telephone communication is part of our daily life regardless of age, sex or social status. Land or cable lines have been further supplemented by mobile phones, which are beginning to be considered essential parts of personal and business life.

Particularly striking is the rapid expansion of mobile phones in emerging economies and even in developing countries. In China, India and Brazil, mobile phone acceptance has been demonstrated beyond all doubt. Table 1 shows an increase of about 900% between 2000 and 2011.

The first telephone device was invented at the end of the 19th^ century. No one could have imagined that phones would evolve so remarkably and have such wide- reaching effects 135 years later

which relied on AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) technology. They also reached England and Japan, where they were known as TACS (Total Access Communications System) and MCS-L1, respectively.

Second generation phones (2G) appeared in

1990. They were smaller, lighter and cheaper, and based on GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) providing digital cellular communication, which improved the quality and security of voice transmission. This technology allowed the transmission of several

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1,000,000,

800,000,

600,000,

400,000,

200,000,

0

Figure 1: Evolution of mobile phones in China, India and Brazil Source: http://www.itu.int/ict/statistics

Devices

Year

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008200920102011

China India Brazil

conversations simultaneously over a single channel, which greatly reduced the price in the contract of lines, and promoted their integration into the business world.

From that moment on, and following the expansion of computer use and the Internet, workstations connected to a local network were replaced with desktops and laptops with LAN (Local Area Network) and WAN (Wide Area Network) connections. Society started to address the need for data transmission (Multimedia). And so began what is known as the third generation (3G) and the development of UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) technology. Mobile phones began to incorporate Internet connection, allowing the transmission of files. Among the functions or services offered, photo and video cameras and games gained great importance, adapting mobiles to the home and business environments.

This is when the real revolution got under way. Fourth generation (4G) devices appeared with faster voice and data transmission speeds, and they became vital social and leisure attributes. Young people aged between 18 and 30

Figure 2: Comparison of the distribution of mobile operating systems 2008- Source: IC4D 2012 report published at http://web.worldbank.org

Microsoft 2% Other 3%

Android 50%

Symbian (Nokia) 12%

2011

iOS (Apple) 11%

Research in motion 9%

Microsoft 2% Other 3%

Android 50%

Symbian (Nokia) 12%

2011

iOS (Apple) 11%

search in motion 9%

Microsoft 12%

Symbian (Nokia) 47%

Other 10%

2008

iOS (Apple) 11%

Research in motion 20%

Android 0%

p p p // g

Microsoft 12%

Symbian (Nokia)

Other 10%

2008

iOS (Apple) 11%

earch in motion 20%

Android 0%

system capable of identifying various objects on the screen, and which can incorporate a physically independent keyboard.

According to report IC4D 2012 (Information and Communications for Development) published by the World Bank, a change in the market for both operating systems and mobile devices came about in 2011. While Nokia held 47% of the market in 2008, Google’s ‘Android’ operating system accounted for 50% by 2011 and continued to grow during 2012, gaining market shares from Apple’s iOS operating system.

“Cloud Computing” has emerged to complement the world of services and applications. Some years ago there was talk of centralising servers at a global level to provide access for thousands of users situated throughout the world. Today servers are available with high storage capacity, accessible via the Internet, and without the users being aware of the changed storage location of their data.

Application services for mobiles

The applications (apps) market started up with Apple’s iOS in 2010. With the introduction of the latest version of Google’s

Target public Specific or segmented.

Real-time iteration Immediate response when it is being used.

Whether it is paid for or free Frequently, reduced versions of applications are offered for free. If additional functionality is required, it will be necessary to purchase a paid-for version.

Maintenance, future checks and updating Responding to users when errors are detected or when improvements are planned.

Table 2: General characteristics of mobile applications

Table 3: Grouping of applications for tablets or smartphones Various sources

Applications/Services

General

Geolocation

Sport

Medicine

Leisure

Business

Social

Cloud

Education

Description

Calculators, alarms, notepads, diaries.

Identification and position of devices (ships, stars). GPS techniques are used. There is a legal vacuum regarding individuals, so this service has not seen great development.

Allows real-time values associated with sporting activities (walking, running, swimming) to be recorded, such as heart rate. Recommends the training to be followed, routes and exercises.

World maps with information on international epidemics in real time. Applications for the control of blood alcohol levels, telerehabilitation, stimulation for disabled people and control of medicines.

Search engines for leisure and event venues, music players, videos, films, access to television and radio channels, games.

Presentations and videoconferences, remote access to applications, online and offline statistics, maps of geographic results, market analysis, inventory access, presentation of products to clients, launches of marketing campaigns. Direct-to-bill mobile payments avoiding the use of credit cards for Internet transactions.

News of a general nature, magazines or newspapers, access to social networks (Twitter, Facebook), messaging (WhatsApp, Spotbros).

Access to files stored in the cloud.

Courses (languages, cooking, instruments), translators, books (novels, child education, media, university), virtual universities.

it mainly to find information, write e-mails, access social networks and show interest in mobile advertising (two-thirds of mobile Internet users say they are interested in some form of mobile advertising), and 36% have experienced making payments or reserving products from a mobile handset.

In terms of countries, China and India occupy the leading positions, although in other countries the percentage penetration can be higher in relation to the number of inhabitants (Table 4).

The data are more remarkable in the countries of the developing world, since in the last two years, the number of mobile phones has increased up until 1,500%. In the African continent in particular, the GSMA Association report says that the number of subscribers has grown by almost 20% annually for the last five years.

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Romania

Poland

Austria

Finland (^) Sweden

Italy Spain

United Kingdom

Denmark

The Netherlands France

Germany Greece

Ireland

Portugal

Hungary Belgium

Czech Republic

Slovakia

EU 23.

Figure 6: Level of penetration of Smartphones and 3G or 3G+ mobile subscriptions, 2011 Source: eEspaña 2012 originating from NetSize Guide (2011)

Suscriptions 3G o 4G / Per 100 inhabitants

Smartphones / 100 lines

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Table 4: Comparison of mobile phones between 2010 and 2011 Source: Extract from statistical report published by ITU

Number of mobiles Total Per 100 inhabitants

Country 2010 2011 2010 2011

Argentina 53,700,000 55,000,000 132.88 134. Brazil 202,944,033 242,231,503 104.10 123. China 859,003,000 986,253,000 64.04 73. Colombia 44,477,653 46,200,421 96.07 98. Egypt 70,661,005 83,425,145 87.11 101. France 63,200,000 66,300,000 100.66 105. Germany 104,560,000 108,700,000 127.04 132. India 752,190,000 893,862,478 61.42 72. Indonesia 211,290,235 236,799,493 88.08 97. Italy 90,600,000 92,300,000 149.63 151. Japan 123,287,125 129,868,418 97.43 102. Korea (Rep.) 50,767,241 52,506,793 105.36 108. Mexico 91,362,753 94,565,305 80.55 82. Nigeria 87,297,789 95,167,308 55.10 58. Philippines 79,895,646 87,256,359 85.67 91. South Africa 50,372,000 64,000,000 100.48 126. Spain 51,601,028 53,066,828 111.99 114. Turkey 61,769,635 65,321,745 84.90 88. United Kingdom 81,115,492 81,612,000 130.76 130.

Some recent applications

In socioeconomic terms, new technologies are considered an important tool for developing countries owing to the ease of using touchscreens. For example, Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have demonstrated some of the objectives achieved through the use of mobile telephones:

Nigeria: reduction in costs associated with grain sales. Access to mobile telephones has made it possible to obtain better information on cereal prices throughout the country, without incurring the high cost of travelling to the various markets, thus achieving 29% more profit. In this example, demand arose organically, and not via a specific programme.

Ghana: reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of 2% by the year 2020 (GSM Association 2009). Mobile telephones can be

used as tools for environmental monitoring. Taxi drivers in its capital, Accra, were equipped with mobile telephones with GPS and a device with a carbon monoxide sensor to measure pollution levels.

Kenya: three in every four people now have a mobile telephone. The application, called EpiCollect, helps undertaking monitoring of animal vaccination and treatment campaigns. The application and storage space are provided free of charge on the EpiCollect web page, which assigns a unique address for each project. This address is known only to users – such as national veterinary officers and field veterinarians – taking part in the project. Searches cannot be conducted on the EpiCollect database, thus preventing the merely curious from being able to find potentially sensitive information.

Medicine: the rehabilitation clinic Dodd Hall, in Ohio, USA, started using equipment to help in rehabilitation from strokes and spinal injuries.

Figure 7: Total number of mobile connections in Africa (in millions) and penetration level (as a percentage) Source: African mobile observatory 2011 of GSMA (Groupe Speciale Mobile Association)

+30% CAGR

6.22% 83

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735

9.47% 136

458

804

201

552

860

283

620

906

15.30%

22.20%

30.59%

40.23%

47.79%

56.53%

62.62%

72.62%

78.11%

82.06%84.88%

+30% CAGR

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Connections (millions) YTD: Year to data F: Forecasted CAGR: Compounded Annual Growth rate

Penetration

2.06% 3.13% 4.43%

1000

900

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700

600

500

400

300

200

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0

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

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0 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012F 2013F2014F2015F YTD

26 37 53 2001

17

It is thought that in 2000 there were some 1, million mobile handsets. The World Bank report on mobile telephones calculates that a figure of 6, million contracts will shortly be reached

confidentiality, need to recover information due to loss or theft, use during travel within the country or abroad, type of user or guarantee offered by the manufacturer.

Generally, two types of cover are offered: theft or loss and breakdown (Figure 5). In the case of theft, they provide compensation to replace the mobile telephone or replacement via a device of the same value.

In the case of breakdown, repair or replacement of the device is envisaged for failures of the memory cards or damage by spilt liquids, remote assistance and recovery of stored data, for example.

Thoughts about the future

The introduction of Smartphones and Tablets has completely changed the concept of mobility and telephony. The method of accessing the Internet from mobile devices, the appearance of long-range touchscreens and the improvement in bandwidths for the Internet connection are all facilitating the creation and release of functionalities capable of meeting user demands, including the original service of having a telephone conversation.

As a final thought, on a matter that should be discussed in a near future, if the number of internet-connected mobile devices is growing sharply and their functionalities can be applied for the benefit of society in general, should we consider their negative impact to be a critical factor? Is there really a possibility of physical or mental injury caused by these devices, such as

Figure 5: Most common covers

Cover for theft or loss Cover for breakdown

Cost of Fraudulent calls up to a limit. Loss of Data. Recovery of Data. Blocking and Request for Line.

Blocking and Request for cards. Repair of parts out of warranty. Damage due to liquids. Breakage of screen. Rusting.

If the number of internet-connected mobile devices is growing sharply and their functionalities can be applied for the benefit of society in general, should we consider their negative impact to be a critical factor?

changes in behaviour? What safety measures should be taken to protect the information contained? What policies should be adopted at company level? Is LTE (Long Term Evolution, 4G) already a reality since it can exploit speeds of more than 100 Mb?

References

Commission for the Telecommunications Market: www.cmt.es: Report “NM Septiembre 2012 ES.pdf”

Global Telecom Insight, Market Investigation: http://discovermobilelife.com/

IAB EUROPE: http://www.iabeurope.eu

World Bank Institute: http://www.worldbank.org, Reference report “IC4D 2012: Maximizing Mobile”

National Observatory for Telecommunications and the Information Society (public body assigned to Red.es): http://www.ontsi.red.es

Website on Technology for SMEs: http://www.ticpymes.es

Chetan Sharma Consultancy: http://www.chetansharma.com/ globalmobileupdate1H2011.htm

International Data Corporation: http://www.idc.com

International Telecommunication Union – ITU: http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict

Mobile Active: http://www.mobileactive.org. GSMA report published at: http://www.mobileactive.org/files/file_ uploads/African_Mobile_Observatory_Full_ Report_2011.pdf

Portal on 4G, LTE: http://www.lteportal.com

La web del campo: http://www.agrodigital.com/PlArtStd. asp?CodArt=