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PHYSICAL SCIENCES 11:, Exams of Physical Chemistry

University of South Carolina (USC) - ColumbiaPhysical Chemistry

Revolutionary developments in the union of chemistry and physics hold the key to solving unprecedented problems at the intersection of science, technology,.

Typology: Exams

2022/2023

Uploaded on 05/11/2023

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Revolutionary developments in the
union of chemistry and physics hold the
key to solving unprecedented problems
at the intersection of science, technology,
and an array of rapidly emerging global
scale challenges. In particular concepts
central to energy and its transformations,
thermodynamics, energy, entropy and
free energy, quantum mechanics, atomic
structure, molecular bonding, kinetics,
catalysis, equilibria and acid-base
reactions, and nuclear chemistry are
presented with emphasis on the context
of (1) world energy sources, forecasts
and constraints, (2) the science and
technology linking energy and climate,
(3) modern materials and technology.
Instructors:
James G. Anderson, and
Gregory C. Tucci.
Physical sciences 11:
Frontiers and Foundations of Modern
Chemistry: A Molecular and
Global Perspective
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Revolutionary developments in the

union of chemistry and physics hold the

key to solving unprecedented problems

at the intersection of science, technology,

and an array of rapidly emerging global

scale challenges. In particular concepts

central to energy and its transformations,

thermodynamics, energy, entropy and

free energy, quantum mechanics, atomic

structure, molecular bonding, kinetics,

catalysis, equilibria and acid-base

reactions, and nuclear chemistry are

presented with emphasis on the context

of (1) world energy sources, forecasts

and constraints, (2) the science and

technology linking energy and climate,

(3) modern materials and technology.

Instructors: James G. Anderson, and Gregory C. Tucci.

Physical sciences 11:

Frontiers and Foundations of Modern

Chemistry: A Molecular and

Global Perspective

Physical Sciences 11: Frontiers and Foundations of Modern Chemistry: A Molecular and Global Perspective Harvard College/GSAS: 24022 Spring 201 4 -201 5 Meeting Time: M., W., F., at 10 and a weekly section and lab to be arranged. Instructors: James G. Anderson and Gregory C. Tucci Course Description

Current university graduates face coming to terms with a number of questions: What technical forces are shaping

the modern world? Where are the frontiers of innovation and what implications do those advances hold for professional

endeavors, not just in technology, but also in international economics, government, ethics, public health, law and education.

Revolutionary developments in the union of chemistry and physics hold the key to solving unprecedented problems at the

intersection of science, technology, and an array of rapidly emerging global scale challenges. Each section of the course

is initiated by a Framework that sets the context and the imperative in place before presenting the concepts that form the

molecular and global scale understanding of the following:

  • Energy: Conceptual Foundations and Governing Transformations
  • Atomic and Molecular Structure: Energy From Chemical Bonds
  • Thermochemistry: Development of the First Law of Thermodynamics
  • Entropy, Free Energy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
  • Equilibria and Free Energy
  • Acid-Base Control of Life Systems
  • Electrochemistry
  • Quantum Mechanics, Wave-Particle Duality and the Single Electron Atom
  • Quantum Mechanics of Multi-Electron Systems
  • Theories of Molecular Bonding I: Valence and Shared Electron Structures
  • Theories of Molecular Bonding II: Quantum Mechanically Based Theories
  • Kinetics and Photochemistry
  • Nuclear Chemistry

Following the section core, Case Studies are presented that are designed to develop quantitative reasoning on the one hand,

and a through grasp of energy at the global and molecular level on the other. The depth of the development of both the

context and the scientific principles are gauged to provide the student with the preparation needed to compete successfully

today and in the future in the international scientific and societal arena.

The physical sciences hold the key to solving problems of immense importance to this and subsequent

generations. These challenges demand answers based upon scientific and technical advances initiated now,

but extending decades into the future. To provide the concepts and context, this course recognizes a central

premise:

“If I learned anything in my forty one years of teaching, it is that the best way to transmit knowledge and stimulate thought is to teach from the top down. Begin by posing large problems, questions and concepts of the highest significance and then peel off layers of causation as currently understood. Do not teach from the bottom up.” — E.O. Wilson

Quantum Mechanics, Wave-Particle Duality and the Single Electron Atom Development of the quantum theory of atomic structure begins with a treatment of the distinction between properties associated with waves and the properties associated with particles. With the hypothesis put forward by the French physicist Louis de Broglie that the electron was in fact a “matter wave” with wavelength λ = h/p came the advent of quantum mechanics and the birth of modern chemical physics. Quantum mechanics recognized that at the atomic scale, electrons were controlled by their wave properties, and those wave properties were in turn defined mathematically by the wavefunction, ψ, of the electron. Quantum Mechanics of Multi-Electron Systems Quantum mechanics introduced three key attributes of the behavior of electrons at the atomic scale: (1) the wave properties of the electron when confined to the spatial scale of atoms and molecules, (2) the electron spin that dictates the number of electrons allowed in any atomic (or molecular) orbital, and (3) the placement of electrons in, and the transfer of electrons between, both occupied and unoccupied energy levels. It is quantum mechanics that continues to bring a revolution in our understanding that has opened a gateway to new materials with properties that were unimagined just a few years ago. Theories of Molecular Bonding I: Valence and Shared Electron Structures In this section we develop the theoretical basis for the molecular bond that provides a means for understanding both the structure of the molecular bond and the electron assignments in the Lewis structure of bonding theory. We develop: the structure of the molecular bond, types of chemical bonds that result from different categories of relative electronegativity in bonds, Lewis structure for ionic bonds, Lewis structure for diatomic and polyatomic molecules, and determination of molecular shapes (valence shell electron pair repulsion theory, VSEPR). Theories of Molecular Bonding II: Quantum Mechanically Based Theories The quantum mechanical formulation of covalent bonding constitutes a cornerstone of modern chemistry. In this section we develop molecular bonding in the context of quantum mechanics using two complementary approaches. First we develop the Valence bond (VB) formulation of molecular bonding that combines atomic orbitals to form bonding structures with the electrons assigned to those atomic orbitals. Second, we develop the molecular orbital (MO) theory of chemical bonding that takes linear combinations of atomic orbitals to form new molecular orbitals that are distributed such as to reduce the potential energy of the molecular structure. Kinetics and Photochemistry Chemical kinetics is a study of the rate at which chemical transformations take place, and it is a subject central to modern chemistry in a number of key areas. In particular kinetics: defines key pathways in organic synthesis, polymers, materials and drug development, constitutes the key to determining metabolic rates in living organisms, controls pollutants from energy sources and is thus central to human health, is key to developments of nano-electronics and computer memory fabrication, establishes the foundation of forensic medicine, and is a critical diagnostic for restructuring world energy strategy. Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear chemistry addresses key questions engaging energy generation, nuclear waste, and arms control related to national security. Nuclear chemistry also has at the foundation of medical imaging, radiocarbon dating of archaeological findings and isotopic analysis associated with climate studies, mineral extraction and cosmology.