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Formula Booklet: Physics
Mechanics
Average velocity
s v t
= unit:
1 m s
−
Average acceleration
Δv
Δ
a t
= unit: m s−^2
Equations of uniformly
accelerated motion
v = v 0 + a t
2 0 0 2
a s = s + v t + t
Force F = m a
Elastic force F^ = − k^ Δ s k : spring constant
Momentum
Definition p = m v unit:
kg m s
F Δ t = m Δ v for constant m
p F t
Work and Energy
W = F Δ s
unit: joule J
2 2 2 1J 1Nm 1kg m s
− = =
Kinetic energy
2 kin
1
2
E = m v
Change in kinetic energy
2
kin
m v E W
Energy stored in an initially
unstretched spring
1 2 Δ Δ Δ 2 2
k W = E = F s = s
Potential gravitational energy
pot
Δ E = − F Δ s = m g h in a uniform field
1 2 pot
m m E G r
= −
in a radial gravitational
field
Electrical potential Energy π
1 2 pot (^40)
Q Q E r
=
Mechanical energy of charge
Q 2 (Q 1 ) in circular motion
around Q 1 (Q 2 )
π
1 2 mech 0
8
Q Q E r
=
Electron Volt
unit: eV
Energy equivalent to that of
an electron accelerated from
rest by a potential difference
of 1 V
Uniform Circular Motion
Angle = d r
unit: rad (radian)
d : arc length, r : radius
Angular velocity
v
t r
= = unit: rad s-^1 or
1 s
−
Period
2 π 1 T f
= =
Centripetal acceleration
2 2 cent
v a r r
Centripetal force
2 2 cent
m v F m r r
= =
Simple Harmonic Motion
Definition
F = − k x
x = A sin( t )
Velocity v = A cos( t )
Acceleration ( )
2 2 a^ = −^ A^^ ^ sin^ t^ = − x where = 2 π f = 2 π T
Energy
(^12 )
2
E = m A
Gravitation
Gravitational force
1 2 G (^2)
m m F G r
=
G : universal gravitational
constant
Electricity and Magnetism
Electric field intensity
F E Q
= unit:
1 1 1N C 1V m
− −
Work done by electric force W AB = Q Δ U = Q U ( A − U B)
Electric potential
A A
E U Q
=
Electric field Intensity due to a
point charge π
2 4
Q E r
=
ε : unit:
1 F m
−
permittivity of the
mediumin which the
experiment is conducted
Force between two point
charges π
1 2 2 4
Q Q
F E Q
r
Capacitance
Q C U
=
unit: farad F
1 1F 1C V
−
Parallel plate capacitor
A C d
Energy stored in a charged
capacitor
2 2
2 2 2
Q C Q E U U C
= = =
Parallel circuits C = C 1 (^) + C 2 (^) + C 3 +...
Series circuits
1 2 3
1 1 1 1 ... C C C C
= + + +
Time constant T = R C
Magnetic Induction or
Magnetic Flux Density Δ sin
F
B
I L
unit: tesla T
1 1 1T 1N A m
− −
Magnetic Induction due to a
solenoid
N I B L
Permeability = r 0
π
7 1 0 4 10 T m A
− −
Lorentz force F L (^) = B q v sin
Magnetic flux = B A where^ B^ ⊥^ A^
unit: weber Wb
2 1Wb = 1T m =1V s
Induced electromotive force
A B
U B v I t t
inductance, self and mutual Symbol^ L M , unit: henry^ H 1 1 1H 1Vs A 1WbA
− − = =
in one circuit
d d
d d
I
U L
t t
between two circuits
d d
d d
I
U M
t t
Waves
Progressive wave sin 2π^
t x y A T
^
Refractive index of a Medium '
c n c
=
wave speed ...
c : ... in vacuum
c ’: ... in the medium
Path difference^ =^ PA^ − PB
unit: meter m
at a point P, where A and B
are the positions of two
coherent sources
Doppler effect
Δ ,
f v v c f c
=
v : speed of approach
c : wave speed
Quantum Mechanics
Work function W 0
unit: joule J
The minimum energy to
extract an electron from a
given metal’s surface
Photon energy E = h f h : Planck constant
Photon momentum
h p
=
De Broglie wavelength
h h
p m v
Atomic mass unit Symbol u
1 u = 1/12 mass of a
Carbon- 12 atom
Mass-energy equivalence
2 E = m c
Binding energy
2 E = − Δ m c
Radioactive Decay
Activity
d
d
N
A
t
unit: becquerel Bq
1 1Bq 1s
−
Decay constant
1 d
d
A N
N N t
=^ = − unit: s-^1
