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In the space to the right, draw a labelled diagram of the Plum Pudding Model of the Atom. (3) What did JJ Thomson discover that led to the creation of the Plum Pudding model and why did this mean Dalton’s model couldn’t be correct? (2) Rutherford fired Alpha particles at Gold nuclei to discover the nucleus. Some particles were deflected as shown, what did he learn from this? (1) What is meant by the term excitation? (1) A source is placed a short distance from a GM Tube as shown. i) After 30 seconds, 52 counts have been detected. After another 30 seconds, 37 more counts have been detected. Why should a student not expect these numbers to be more consistent? (1) ii) A student is supplied with sheets of paper, aluminium and lead. Describe how the student can determine the type of source. (3) The set up below is used to quality control the thickness of paper. What type of source should be used? Explain why you have chosen this type of source. (4)
Radiotherapy is the treatment of cancerous tumours by irradiation. Suggest why an Alpha Source would not be a good choice of source to use for this. (1) Describe what happens in the process of Beta Minus Radiation. (2) A positron is the anti-particle of the electron. i) Compare the positron to the electron ii) Compare the positron to the proton. (4) What is the difference between contamination and irradiation? (1) State two sources of Background Radiation. (2) Use the graph on the right to deduce the half life of Co-60. (2) A Nuclear Fission reactor is often surrounded by heavy metal and concrete. Why is this? (2) The diagram shows the start of the process of induced Fission, which releases energy. i) Other than energy, what will be produced in a Fission reaction? (2) ii) Explain how this can lead to a chain reaction. (2) iii) In one Fission of energy is released. Given to calculate the mass that has been converted to energy. (3) Graphite is used as a moderator in Reactors. What does a moderator do? (2)