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Physics Project 12th class, Study notes of Physics

Balochistan University of Information Technology & Management Sciences (BUITMS)Physics

Physics Project for 12th Class. Of 2018-19.

Typology: Study notes

2018/2019

Available from 08/29/2022

ali-ahmed-durrani
ali-ahmed-durrani 🇵🇰

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SESSION:-2018-2019
CLASS:-12TH science
PHYSICS PROJECT
ROLL NO:-______
topic:- To study the various factors
on which the internal
resistance/emf of the cell
depends .
Submitted To:- Submitted By:-
Mr. Ali Ahmed
INDEX
Sr no. Content Page no.
1.Certificate of Excellence 1
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SESSION:-2018-

CLASS:- TH science PHYSICS PROJECT ROLL NO:-______ topic:- To study the various factors on which the internal resistance/emf of the cell depends.

Submitted To:- Submitted By:-

Mr. Ali Ahmed INDEX Sr no. Content Page no. 1.Certificate of Excellence 1

  • 2.Acknownledgment
  • 3 .Introduction
  • 4.Aim of the project
  • 5 .Theory
  • 6 .Circuit diagram
  • 7 .Apparatus Required
  • 8 .Procedured followed
  • 9.Observation
  • 10 .Result & Inferences
  • 11 .Precautions
  • 12 .Bibliography

In the accomplishment of this project successfully, Many people have best owned upon me their blessings and the heart pledge support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the people who have been concerned with this project. Primarily I would like thank god for being able to complete this project with success. Then I would like to thank my principal Mr. G Christuraj and my Physics teacher Mr. Sanjay Singh whose valuable guidance has been the ones that helped me to patch this project and make it full proof success, his suggestions and instruction has served as the major contribution towards the completion of this project. Then I would like to thank my parents who have helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has been very helpful in various phases of the completion of the project. Secondly, I would also like to thank my friends, and classmates who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame. 3 INTRODUCTION

There is a great need of batteries in our daily use electronic appliances and the use is increasing every day. Thus , the batteries need to be made more powerful so that their potential can be increased greatly. Thus , this project report is based on practical analysis for the factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell. When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased we can increase the potential difference across it , and hence make it more reliable. 4

5

Aim Of The Project

To study the various

factors on which the

internal resistance/emf

of the cell depends.

THEORY

6 The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its electrolyte to the flow of ions. The internal resistance of a cell is

  • directly proportional to the distance between the electrodes.
  • is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the electrodes in electrolyte.
  • decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.
  • is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte. Circuit diagram

8

  • a battery ,
  • three way keys,
  • a fractional resistance box,
  • a high resistance box(about 0-10000 Ω),
  • a rheostat of low resistance,
  • a voltmeter ,aprimary cell(say voltaic),
  • electrolytes of different concentrations,
  • an ammeter,connecting wiresand pieces of

sand paper.

Procedure Followed

  1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and make tight connections according to the circuit diagram.
  2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.

9

  1. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of the cell and make sure that e.m.f. of the battery is more than that of the cell, otherwise null or balance point will not be obtained. To study variation of internal resistance with distance of separation
  2. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm.
  3. Take maximum current from the battery, making rheostat resistance small.
  4. Without inserting a plug in key K2, adjust the rheostat so that a null point is obtained on the last wire of the potentiometer.

To study variation of internal resistance with area of electrodes

  1. Keeping all other factors constant, increase the area of electrodes in the electrolyte by dipping them into the electrolyte at different depths for each observation.
  2. Obtain three such observations by repeating steps 7 to 10. Record your readings. To study variation of internal resistance with concentration of electrolyte
  3. Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the concentration of electrolyte by adding distilled water for different observations.
  4. Obtain three such observations by repeating step.

Observation S.no. Ammeter Reading (A) Position of null point (cm) Shunt Resistance R(Ω) Internal Resistance With R r(Ω) (l1) Without R (l2) **1.

3.** Table for effect of separation between electrodes S.no. Separation between electrodes d (cm) Balancing poin l1(cm) t Balancing point l2(cm) Internal Resistance r(Ω) r/d **1.

3.** Table for effect of temperature S.no. Temperature T ( o C) l (cm) l (cm) Resistance R(Ω) Internal Resistance r(Ω) Tr (ΩK) **1.

3.** 13

  1. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the observations are to be taken.
  2. The positive polls of the battery E and cells E 1 and E 2 should , all be connected to the terminal at the zero of the wires.
  3. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It should touch the wire gently.
  4. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particular set of observation. If necessary , adjust the rheostat for this purpose. 15