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Light: Reflection & Refraction REFLECTION OF LIGHT eae [farms ee) Seo sas Tri Atel eve greceat too | Rea. eres ‘scongwe age —T ie Bouncing back of light when enter poe | Sec ct Vital anger vital ithits 4 polished Suvpage like mistor- a et (oan aang _ Laws of Reflection = 2 Syeramecae 2) ee pee ene O since i i a WW All distances ave meesused prom pole. Angle of incidence = Angle of Reflection ee a Co . The indent, repicctedvay.and ff "= Sai == _.) the novmal, all l’e in the same Comemtaaed meat aa plane. comatest um) soertewmeet | Sours NORMAL ae ition om Bs) oem | a «2B INCIDENT REFLECTED ciomenpenied goa hieme RAY. RAY pm aly saat corsvenns | Went MIRROR E . + Fincipal Spherical Mintors = 2S ee “Ok Concave missor convex mistor 3 ‘roanmadle Tuninanate ‘ ake , a Reflecting Reflecting, — ed Principle Focus (F) and Focal lergth() surface surface ia 7 cou iene concave lens . —~ . _ tbe, ar. Gonca\ Pole Gentee of rerlectingsurpace of converging lens ee imme ne Centee_ of Cunvatite— centre ofthe Shere op which the mivior ts partor Principal xis- line yaining P and ¢ “Radius of Curvature - ‘stance PC ‘Principal Axis (¢ normal to mivror le. ole: Teg have OF Fahdts duet two Eoed suacee image_goxmation—» convex lens op : : X ON \4 IS tee | concer} coma converging mirror iverging mirror ‘i sai 9s sat ginite distance > Tour syllabus aritshiae excert =) (ED) shades i ‘Tage ‘between Fand P, r t Image i virtual, exect, Diminished Tmage formation and chavactetistics cpt + rays of light actually meet Real «if rays of light appeat temeet-rVitaal image formation -Concave mirror a a) En ~ ae “ SS ¢ , >) Use of convex Mirror [Fe at ree © Reay- View mirrors ~ . =a © Upright/ Erect image ba . idee field of vido ae Timage Formation Concave lens obsect at_ nite distance (anyushere except =) object at 2 characterises 0 eTTmoge between Fi 40 1 val» Erect Ma annie pigs. Fret high Dimeished summery of conven si oncove [nt ‘conven lene concave lens wetted erect cevectipright pri ‘Dini -magnifed ia Siqn_convention , Lens gormula Magnigication Here all distances ave measused fiom 0 Copttcal centye} Rest all_ same ~ule For sign. u—>-ve fo tHe convex—> +ve Absolute Repractive index When first medium js ait and second medium is any medium - Twa = Tw . Va Na Veo Net Va=c en YRTof glass is 1b YR-T of water is 1:33 zsWhich!s more dense Gilass # Inwhich light havels paster-+ water Refraction Through A Glass Slab Incidentray Air rarer denser Glass Powes ofa lens Ability of 4 lens to comenge orb je Rays of light sits defined oe Reliprocaloy focal length coneslens-ave Yew ct To vomembes ER i i Gemergent ~ay is parallel toincident vor. pais KW iii ong Sn anti Repraction of light :— The Bending of light vay when its travels pean one medium to another . i eat ie op AngleoF a . ii ratio 0} z _—— meet incidence Boke cine! oer anv RarertoDenserMediuim sbenser foRacex Medium lords tanards thenormal\Bends avoay rom the normal No change in medium oending mai ea Snell’s law _% Laws of Repsaction:— (Me incident say, Normal s the -repracted ‘ray"Il es on thesame ec opangle ction vermains constant fora qiven pair op media- sini, _ Sinks ‘ smn Sint Regractive TndextR-t) Measure of How dense 4 a constant medium is j—rchange ve why > change in %o ® jot ight i (2) Vj Speedlight (2) e|O RToprwrth -musini= nasi emi MoT siny 1 Case of NO Bending ) Nosmal incidence No refraction Normal j=o 2) No medium change ov no change in-vepractive index ‘The potential cliprerence(W) across the ends of a metallic conductor is directly pyoportfonal to the cusrent flowing Fought peese its temperature ins vem je same. sTempgztae, Bt — slopetat Ampere “ohm vir 7 Straightline trick- V[Ral Pace onigin V=IR sgl meaty Experimental setup- Ammeted« 8 wn wi Re Ra Re pene rosame al V— Different yerR) v=TRa V=TRa nn 27 Paralle 3 — bigferent tin ve vy came = At ee fe Ri mR) fe Disadvantage « of setles combination (nig one device galls , all others devices in that series will notwork. (p Devices of different types need different Camere. te a bulb and heater needs differ Intarcent and cannot Keconnetied in series: this canbe donewith parallel combination - CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Y a > a7 | Aire joint <7 | wires crossing witnout ining a 7 | eect bute Oo 9 Electric Powes:~ « Rate at whichelectricaléneray i is consumed. ps Of = Vis Ampere alt J vor \, @ eR oe ED ena EN. ct Generally E> s-Lunit+-> Toyles kwh = 3-6 X108F put, generally Bis measured in KWh Energy ka Paisa Flectric Meter =? Lunit opene dunit = kwh iid Bill = no .ogynits x Price of unit _— Rnewgy inkwh . Ckitni energy Use ki kwh mein) isses trough When an electic current & a conductor or an electricdevice, the conductor becomes het apter some time and produce heat. This iscalled Heating erect ov electric curvent- Practical Application of Heating Eggect of electrle cuvvent ex. bulb toaster foyer = Heatt mobilephone ,fan SNoohotoride q Tale’ taw of Heating Het ing Electric Bulb:~ yes HA. « Filament Tungsten(Hi jhmeltin: He Ge PB., Ca Oe ond emite Hat TTG light. Most ofeneygy consumed fureRestster
inginity- COMVERGMOLENS oe a = posvwe A emmien= p DivERoINo es 6 View closet obyects cillary muscle Contract lens become thick (Curvature Increases) focal Length decreases PT Te view distant (gaa abyects pel Ciliary muscle relaxes Pf t tens becomes thin, dexwveey 0°" focal length Theveases FT PL DEFECTS in HUMAN EYE Corrections _ (y Myopia * (Near Sightedness) +can see neathy abyects lem . i rae see distant obgects cistinelly * far Point is less than inginity # image of-distant obgect is formed in “on cepa) of Retina- Reasons -— wéxcessive curvature of eyelens ‘ aalens thick — focal length decreases GiElongation of eye ball. iz = (Correction fr moot Negative paser lene C= coven 8 trick- MyoNi makes Elon Thick, went CAVE —r- tm a se ates cote Tositoes Soar es Q) Hypermetmpia - (far Sightedness) « can see distant (far) obyacts clearly = cannot see neathy oles dst Clearly) © Near point {s mate ita agsem x Timage of near by obsect is my af point jehind ob Reason Focal length of ag en ts foo long (lens catnot get thick enough) Eyeball has b ome toosmal. qwa PL Ft (0) Hupermetropic EF Cons (CORRECTIC CONVEX LENS) +ve power lens trick- Fast Metro makes eye small, Face Largetlike Wex tH + 3. convex lens c spate “ais cm pm (3) Presbyopia i- ; ° tt 0 With erind it Aiggicul Nee arf obpestsaietincigeomt! Gieneraly they also have teouble view ga objects - Reasans = “ jipeahenin altar ete div less. flexi ity of &ye tens (6) Cabernet '~ (tere becomes opagee) + Stmetimes at old ages Grating Jens becomes milly and cloudy Parttal ov complete oss of visiony Ccrteckion—> CATARACT SURGERY REFRACTION OF LiGHT & DEVIATION THROUGH A PRISM Monochromatic light i= incidence ds > Repraction ke ~ emergence some colouss bends more than other Red. ioueTs. Bends ome ‘RED bends Lefer Nelloe. Rive nds Violet Magnetic Effects of Electric Current * ee ee of electric| parallel and at equal distances|conducter produces a en Gx Magnetic Field consistin ‘magent is an object sat |* CX untorm Ded rancentric, arcles. ‘out bas around wite , wi : oats obejects Made _|+ Field is different at difFerem nana wee tne vignt Magnet Coat, and NicKIE | places - Field tines are not 4 ~" Qnet comes to restin| poaraiel and are at unequal force’ on a curre 4ne “hort - South direction, ce carrying conducter ina when suspended Freely . Cons ~< ¥ magden Field Propertyes “oO agnet) 1e\d us *O current care ying . conducter exerts a force Q Freelysuspended magnet|* The ,Magnitude oF magnetic | when a magnet is placed Qlways’ points towards Field increase wth increase in #S vicinty.similariy, he or and south - in electric current and decrea- Seok exert ire ction « sco ain decrease in electric | om current carrying condu- TE pole oF a magnet ther. which’ pointssrowards|" Te magninde of magnetic horth directfon is cated. Field produced by elettric 1 POle OF North- seeki | Current decreases with increase x Fmagnetic Field wnes ee current #rougn circular top. m | Rate ne rete ve , . ze ic cifcle oO *@ current - carrying circular wie ioe Smagent Magnetic field line increases | loop produces oagnenic South PN ig called south| 2 distance From tne conduc-| field where the Field ines Pole oF South- sexing. | ter,wnich showes tnat magne- dre concentric circies near : Ng: | tic Field decreases with distance “WiKe poles oF magnets | | tne wire , pecoming progres: | iver larger and atalgade fepel each other while |;magnetic Field lines Always; towards ‘the centre, where i } ar a valet umike poles Of magnets | form closed loop. ine “capped os paraiie atiract_each other |+No two Field lines cross each “Gage =, EE pk Qoersted’s discovery | Me pees cand a Hans christan oersted di |-sognet ig tae cot wlth agnet where mi ic|* christan oersted discov-) f 0 Force iS experience netic ered that a currem- carrying inguidted Copper wife Calledatne magnetic Field. | WITE produces o magnetic fed. ropes Closely ; h ouNe it, Which causes @ Snape OF a cyiirider. A, Tt is qua ‘hat has, | aK ic ¢ current carrying. solenoid q magnetic compass needle Produces a Rinmlar pattern oth direction and ma Ho.e vector crenengany ye SURES Oe teat e one end oF . a iy ° #* GRight- hand thump cle’ Solenoid benaves as tne - . | forth pole ANd Another +iF oO current carrying conductor end behave aS the south is held by the rigr Md, Keep-} pole: aie ing the thumb straight and iF the directing of electric current iS in the gitection OF thumDd, | ? 4hen the direction oF wrapping 2 = oF other Fingers will Snow the direction oF #he magnetic Field: \ ‘The imaginary lines of = Magnetic Field around a “Factors atFecting strength magnet are called Field 4. No OF : larger turns - line or Field kine of mai net tums stronger Field we ed tO Seller arourid nee 2. Current © larger current - abar magnet , they get stronger Field arranged. in o pater 3. nature - using Soft iron which? mimicks tne magne- tic_Field ines fCurrent *Coniform magnetic Field + Field is te same every- where . Field lines are of Core "fod 05 *Ne core Produces amuch Stronger Field - (Magnetic Field due to orrent carrying straight . 0} Eee : an electromagnet consist of 0 Long Coll of insulated “A current carrying straignt | CPPS WE wrapped on a : Soft iron. magnet Formed by producing “a Magnetic i -ingide 0 is cdied electro. Field Solenoid Maaret * According to Mis rule, “if the thumb, Foreringer Qnd middietinger oF te \eFt hand are stretched Perpendicular to each ether Gnd iF the Fore Finger gues Me direction oF magnetic Field , middie Finger gives the ditection oF current, then the umd witt give the direction of maton or the Force acting on +e Current - Carrying conducter - "3 Kinds oF wires are _ \ citcune domestic electric “tive wire red in colour “nevital wire wrth black insulation cover: “earth wire wh green inSuianon cover- + ne potential difference between live and neutral < x a \S 220 it is a safety device to limit. the current in an electric clrcUrt + it prevents the electric Appliences From damage sit is Made up oF Material which has high resistivity oy + «tt occurs due to a hikein yoraae of by connecting 4o0 many appliences toa Single socket «Short - circuiting occurs wnen the live wife and eviral_ come into direct i es 1, caging the rer ary increa: Reavy: pny Se * searthing 1S a crucial safety device For appliances with metallic bodies Clike, feFrigerat- Of, ton, etc) sane metallic ody is connect- ed to the earth wire “iF current \eak s omto the metal body (due to damaged insulatior dhe earth wife provides a tow- fesistance *path For the current tO Flow to ane ground: “TiS prevents the user From getting a serious electric Shock and protects the applia- Aces Fror damage * fermetan) “Occurs when the live wire and nevtrai wile come imto difect comtact (eq. dueto damaged insult ON) . drastic - ally féduces Me circut’s fesistance, causing a huge, Sudden Flow oF current +S excessive current produces a lot oF neat, which can cause Q Fire and low meting point 
