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Physiological Changes During Pregnancy, Exams of Nursing

A.T. Still University of Health Sciences (ATSU)Nursing

A comprehensive overview of the various physiological changes that occur during pregnancy, covering topics such as organogenesis, the development of different organ systems, the effects of teratogens, and the hormonal changes that take place. It delves into the adaptations of the respiratory, cardiovascular, and integumentary systems, as well as the changes in the uterus, pelvis, and vagina. The document also discusses the nutritional guidelines and concerns for pregnant women, including the importance of folic acid and the risks associated with certain foods. This information is valuable for healthcare professionals, students, and expectant parents to understand the complex processes and adaptations that occur during this critical stage of human development.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 08/25/2024

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Physical & Psychologic Changes of Pregnancy questions with
complete verified solutions 2024
1.How long does it take for implantation occur?: 7-10 days
2.How many weeks is it considered an embryo?: 2-8 wk
3.How many weeks is it considered a fetus?: 9-38 wks
4.What is oranogenesis?: the development of organs
-takes place during the embryotic period starts from implantation to 60
days (8 wks)
-most SENSITIVE period to teratogens
5.What does the ectoderm form?: CNS, skin, glands and special senses
6.What does mesoderm form?: skeletal, urinary, circulatory, and
reproductive organs
7.What does the endoderm form?: respiratory, liver, pancreas, and
digestive
8.What are the areas high in sensitivity when exposed to teratogens?: -
neural tube defect
-mental retardation
-arteriosus, atrial septal defect, ventricular spetal defect
-Amelia
-cleft lip
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complete verified solutions 2024

  1. How long does it take for implantation occur?: 7-10 days
  2. How many weeks is it considered an embryo?: 2-8 wk
  3. How many weeks is it considered a fetus?: 9-38 wks
  4. What is oranogenesis?: the development of organs -takes place during the embryotic period starts from implantation to 60 days (8 wks) -most SENSITIVE period to teratogens
  5. What does the ectoderm form?: CNS, skin, glands and special senses
  6. What does mesoderm form?: skeletal, urinary, circulatory, and reproductive organs
  7. What does the endoderm form?: respiratory, liver, pancreas, and digestive
  8. What are the areas high in sensitivity when exposed to teratogens?: - neural tube defect -mental retardation -arteriosus, atrial septal defect, ventricular spetal defect -Amelia -cleft lip

complete verified solutions 2024

-low set malformed ears and deafness -microphthalmia, cataracts, glaucoma -enamel hypoplasia and staining -cleft palate -masculinization of female genitalia

  1. What are examples of teratogens?: -live vaccines (MMR, Chicken pox, nasal flu) -drugs -alcohol -cigs -metal, chemical -radiation -hyperthermia, hypothermia -stress -poor nutrition, LACK OF FOLIC ACID
  2. When should Tdap be given to a pregnant women?: 27-36 wk
  3. How does a pregnant women prevent infectious diseases?: - inactivated vaccines (flu & TDAP)

complete verified solutions 2024

  1. What weeks are considered the second trimester?: 14-
  2. What weeks are considered third trimester?: 28-40wk
  3. When is the embryonic blood flow established?: by 4 wks
  4. When does the placenta take over for the corpus luteum?: 8 wk and fully functioning by 12 wk
  5. What kind of blood does the umbilical veins carry?: O2 blood
  6. What kind of blood does the umbilical arteries carry?: DeO2 blood -carry waste away from baby
  7. What develops during the embryonic period (through 8 wk): -rapid develop- ment -most sensitive to teratogens -heart begins to pump blood -limb buds -facial features discernable -major brain divisions -ear w skin folds -muscle forms -2 grams

complete verified solutions 2024

  1. What period does organogenesis occur?: embryonic period
  2. What develops during the fetal period (9-12 wk): -heart visible w US -lower body develops -gender determination -kidneys produce urine -face and neck well formed -digestive system shows activity -liver produces RBCs -12-28 grams
  3. What develops at 20 wks?: -vernix -lanugo -eyebrows, eyelashes, hair -sleeps, sucks, kicks -weigh 11-14 oz
  4. What develops are 28 wk? (3rd trimester): -fetus can breath, swallow, regulate temp, hear sounds -surfactant forms -eyelids open

complete verified solutions 2024

  1. What develops at wk 32?: -brown fat develops: keeps baby warm -15-17 inches long -begins to store iron, Ca, Phos -4-5lbs
  2. What develops at wk 38?: -fetus occupies entire uterus -maternal antibodies are transferred to fetus -lung surfactant ration 2:1 meaning lungs will work when baby takes 1st breath -6-7 lbs 26. When does the fundal ht correlate w gestational weeks most accurately?- : btwn 18-32 wks
  3. What is the purpose of measuring the fundal ht?: to see if the baby is growing appropriately
  4. What are the physiological changes in the uterus during pregnancy?: - in- creased amount of estrogen and growing fetus -enlargement in size from hypertrophy/hyperplasia of myometrial cells -increase wt, strength, elasticity and vascularity -Hegar sign

complete verified solutions 2024

  1. What is hegar sign?: Softening of the isthmus of uterus -indication of early pregnancy
  2. What are the physiological changes in the pelvis during pregnancy?: en- largment in anterioposterior diameter
  3. What are the physiological changes in the ovaries during pregnancy?: - en- larged due to increased blood supply (12-14 gestation) -produce hormones to support pregnancy until wk 6- -placenta takes over production of preg hormones -OVULATION CEASES from INCREASE LEVELS OF ESTROGEN & PROGES- TERONE- blocks FSH/LH
  4. What are the physiological changes in the cervix during pregnancy?: - in- creased ESTROGEN levels and vasocongestion (lg blood vessels) -hyperplasia -formation of mucous plug to prevent infection from progesterone -goodell sign -chadwick sign
  5. What is Goodell's sign?: softening of cervix 6-8 wk of pregnancy

complete verified solutions 2024

secretions, connective tissue relaxes, pelvic congestion, vaginal vault lengthens -white, pink, dark pink; odorless discharge called leukorrhea

  1. How do you differentiate leukorrhea and canadiasis?: -does not itch -not really smelly -no cottage cheese discharge
  2. What are the physiological changes in the breast during pregnancy?: - IN- CREASED ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE -increase size & # of mammary glands in 1st 20 wk -nipples more erectile and areolas darken -tubercles and montgomery become prominent keeping nipples lubricated for breast feeding -colostrum produced during 3rd trimester (1st milk has lots of nutrients) -become nodular -tingling sensation in 1st and 3rd trimester
  3. What are the different hormones in pregnancy?: -Human Chorionic Go- nadotropin (HCG) -Human Placental Lactogen (hPL)

complete verified solutions 2024

-Estrogen -Progesterone -Relaxin -Prostaglandins

  1. What does human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)do?: -1st hormone re- leased during preg -recognized on urine prego test -stimulates progesterone and estrogen production by corpus luteum
  2. What does Human placental lactogen (hPL) do?: -antagonist of insulin!!!! -decreases maternal sensitivity to insulin to increase its availability to the baby -favors fetal growth -participates in the development of maternal breast of lactation
  3. What wk is gestational DM dx?: 28 wk, see a rise in hPL
  4. What does estrogen do during pregnancy?: -secreted by corpus luteum originally followed by the production of the placenta -stimulates uterine, breast, and external genital development

complete verified solutions 2024

-prevents uterine contractions -develops the acini and lobules of the breast

  1. What does relaxin do?: -detectable in serum by 1st missed period -inhibits uterine contractions -softens cervix -remodels connective tissue
  2. What does prostaglandins do?: lipid substances high volume in female repro- ductive tract -fxn unknown think it rippens cervix -maintains reduced placental vascular resistance and initiate/maintain labor
  3. What are the respiratory adaptations in pregnancy caused by PROGES- TERONE?: -increase levels of progesterone -increase vol of air -decrease airway resistance -increase anteroposterior diameter -diaphragmatic/thoracic breathing -deeper breathing

complete verified solutions 2024

-maternal hyperventilation/hypocapnia -increase in maternal O2 consumption delivering more O2 to fetus

47. What are the respiratory adaptations in pregnancy caused by estrogen?: - -nasal congestion due to increased vascularity -increase in sex hormones causing bloody and runny noses, increased sensitivity to allergens -increase saliva

  1. What are the CV adaptations in pregnancy caused by estrogen and prog- esterone?: -HR, CO and Blood vol increase -increase size of uterus interferes with blood return from lower extremities -increased level of red cells to increase O2 delivery to cells -clotting factors increase: PREG IS A HYPERCOAGULABLE STATE RISK FOR CLOTS -palpitations may occur -short systolic murmurs -PLASMA INCREASE EXCEEDS THE INCREASE OF RBC PRODUCTION (can

complete verified solutions 2024

51. What are the mouth adaptations in pregnancy caused by ESTROGEN?: - -may have hypertrophy of gingival tissue which can become friable

  1. What are the GU system adaptations in pregnancy?: -increased blood vol -GFR increase -renal tubular reabsorption increase -dilation of renal pelvis and uterus
  2. What are the musculoskeletal adaptations in pregnancy caused by RElAX- IN & PROGESTERONE?: -relaxation of joints -changes in posture and gait -increase pelvic size and aid in delivery
  3. What are the spinal adaptations in pregnancy?: -lumbar spinal curve may be accentuated (lordosis) -center of gravity shifts forward, requiring realignment of spinal curvature
  4. What are the CNS adaptations in pregnancy?: -decreased attention, concen- tration and memory
  5. What are the abdominal adaptations in pregnancy?: -purple or silver

complete verified solutions 2024

striae -linea nigra -diastasis of the rectus muscle -progressive enlargement -ballottement

  1. What are the integumentary adaptations in pregnancy caused by ESTRO- GEN & PROGESTERONE?: -increased skin pigementation -spider nevi -varicose veins -hyperpigmentation -striae gravidarum -melasma
  2. What are interventions to prevent varicosities?: -resting in left lateral position -avoid prolonged sitting or standing -elevate both legs when in sitting position -avoid tight clothing or knee restictive -wearing support hose if varicosities is pre-existing condition

complete verified solutions 2024

  1. What is vasopressin (ADH) fxn?: inhibit or prevent urine formation, increased BP
  2. What are the immune adaptations in pregnancy?: -enhanced innate immu- nity -inflam response -suppresses adaptive immunity which is responsible for protection to specific anti- gens which increases the maternal risk for infection
  3. What is the recommended wt gain for underwt, normal wt, overwt, and obese?: -under: 28-40lbs -normal: 25-35 lbs -over: 15-25 lbs -obese: 11-20 lbs
  4. When should most wt gain occur?: in 2nd and 3rd trimester
  5. excessive wt gain increases the risk of what?: -macrosomia -fetal pelvic disproportion -operative delivery -postpartum hemorrhage -birth trauma

complete verified solutions 2024

-fetal death

  1. What is the BMI for underwt?: below 18.
  2. What is the normal BMI?: 18.5-24.
  3. What is the BMI for overwt?: 25.0-29.
  4. What is the BMI for obese?: over 30
  5. Why is iron and folic acid important during pregnancy?: needed to form new blood cells to compensate for increased blood volume -prevent anemia and neural tube defects
  6. How much iron is needed during pregnancy?: 27 mg daily
  7. How much folic acid is needed daily for pregnancy?: 400-800 mg daily
  8. Eating gluten free causes a decrease in which nutrients?: -folate -vit B -iron -Ca -fiber -grain
  9. What are good sources of folic acid?: -dark leafy greens -baked beans