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Physiology Test 2 Study Guide 2024 Updated Solutions, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Physiology

Virginia State University (VSU)Physiology

A comprehensive study guide for a physiology test 2 exam, likely scheduled for 2024. It covers a wide range of topics related to the cardiovascular and nervous systems, including the characteristics of cardiac muscles, the functions of the cardiovascular system, the structure and function of the heart and its valves, the pulmonary and systemic circulations, the autonomic nervous system, muscle physiology, the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction, the structure and function of skeletal and smooth muscles, the cross-bridge cycle, and various aspects of cardiac function and blood pressure regulation. The level of detail and the breadth of topics covered suggest that this document could be useful for university-level physiology or anatomy and physiology courses, particularly for students preparing for exams or seeking a comprehensive understanding of the cardiovascular and nervous systems.

Typology: Study Guides, Projects, Research

2023/2024

Available from 07/17/2024

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Physiology Test 2 Study Guide 2024 Updated Solutions
1.Characteristics of Cardiac Muscles:
striated 2:1 actin:myosin ratio
has troponin
Ca2+ does act with
troponin 2 pools of Ca2+
does not use Ca-calmodulin (no latch
phenomenon) has t-tubules
myogenic (pacemaker activity, no slow
waves) gap junctions
modulated by neurotransmitters & hormones
2.total length of vessels: 60,000 miles of vessels (= 4x around the
equator)
3.3 primary functions of cardiovascular system: 1. transportation
- respiratory system (rbc, o2, co2)
- nutrients
- excretory
2.regulation
- hormones
-regulatory molecules
3.protection (wbc)
- immunity
- clotting reaction
4.4 heart valves: tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral (bicuspid), aortic
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Physiology Test 2 Study Guide 2024 Updated Solutions

  1. Characteristics of Cardiac Muscles: striated 2:1 actin:myosin ratio has troponin Ca2+ does act with troponin 2 pools of Ca2+ does not use Ca-calmodulin (no latch phenomenon) has t-tubules myogenic (pacemaker activity, no slow waves) gap junctions modulated by neurotransmitters & hormones
  2. total length of vessels: 60,000 miles of vessels (= 4x around the equator)
  3. 3 primary functions of cardiovascular system: 1. transportation
  • respiratory system (rbc, o2, co2)
  • nutrients
  • excretory 2.regulation
  • hormones -regulatory molecules 3.protection (wbc)
  • immunity
  • clotting reaction
  1. 4 heart valves: tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral (bicuspid), aortic

2 /

  1. tricuspid valve: between right atrium and right ventricle
  2. pulmonary semilunar valve: between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
  3. bicuspid valve: between left atrium and left ventricle
  4. aortic semilunar valve: between left ventricle and aorta
  5. pulmonary circulation: flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
  6. systemic circulation: flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and then from the heart back to body tissues
  7. foramen ovale: connects the two atria in the fetal heart
  8. ductus arteriosus: connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, bypassing the lungs
  9. distribution of blood flow: 67% in veins 11% in arteries 5% in capillaries 5% in heart 12% in pulmonary circulation
  10. parasympathetic (vagus nerve, 10th cranial): conserve energy of body, slow bpm, myogenic
  11. sympathetic (sympathetic ganglion): prepares body for emergency, quickens bpm
  12. systole: contraction of heart ventricle
  13. diastole: relaxation phase of heart
  14. normal blood pressure: 120/80 mmHg
  15. fast response: atria, ventricles, purkinje

4 / 8.Vestibulocochlear 9.Glossopharyngeal

  1. Vagus 11.Accessory 12.Hypoglossal
  2. muscle physiology: 1. heart pumps 5-6L of blood per min 2.allows bone to move 3.consumption of food/digestion 4.mastication (chewing) 5.breathing 6.blood movement in vessels 7.defecation/bowel movements/urination 8.vision 9.partition (birth) 10.shivering/heat generation
  3. contractile specialists are capable of...: shortening to produce tension, which allows work
  4. striated muscle: skeletal and cardiac muscle
  5. unstriated muscles: smooth muscles
  6. voluntary muscle: skeletal muscle
  7. involuntary muscle: cardiac and smooth muscle
  8. muscle unit: sarcomere
  9. somatic nervous system: controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
  10. autonomic nervous system: controls the glands and the muscles of

5 / the inter- nal organs

  1. skeletal muscle structure: myosin & actin (proteins) --> thick/thin filaments (cytoskeletal elements) --> myofibril (intracellular structure) --> muscle fiber (cell) --> muscle (organ)
  2. thick filaments: myosin
  3. thin filaments: actin
  4. ratio of actin: myosin in skeletal muscle: 2:
  5. what happens to the bands during contraction: a band --> stays the same i band --> shortens h band --> shortens z to z --

shortens m band --> stays the same

  1. add sarcomeres parallel: weight training
  2. add sarcomeres vertically: velocity training
  3. crossbridge =: thin (actin) + thick (myosin)
  4. powerstroke: movement of myosin, shortening of sarcomere, pulls z lines to- gether driven by ATP and regulated by calcium
  5. muscle contraction is driven by: the sliding filament theory
  6. actin: 1. in all cells, but 80% of muscles volume 2.double-stranded globular filament 3.binding site on each globule
  • myosin --> crossbridge formation

7 /

  1. once t-tubule sensors are activated...: Ca2+ voltage gated channels open via Ryanodine R
  2. sarcoplasmic reticulum holds: calcium
  3. sarcoplasmic reticulum pumps out calcium via: ryanodine R
  4. calsequestrin pumps calcium back to SR =: relaxation
  5. step 1 of cross-bridge cycle: energize myosin: ATP --> ADP + P no calcium lowest energy (90* head)
  6. step 2 of cross-bridge cycle: binding actin + myosin: calcium is present cross-bridge is permitted
  7. step 3 of cross-bridge cycle: powerstroke: lowest free energy is now 45* bending hinge of myosin ADP + P falls off
  8. no ATP in cross-bridge cycle leads to: locked actomyosin complex = rigor mortis
  9. step 4 of cross-bridge cycle: detachment: ATP is present actin-myosin separate
  10. simple twitch: submaximal response to single action potential not useful for work
  11. summation: produced by multiple action potentials similar to temporal summation (EPSP) fusion of twitches
  12. tetanus: smooth, sustained contraction 3-4x strength of a twitch

8 / good calcium concentration, allows maximum frequency of crossbridge cycles

  1. fatigue: decline in tension, cannot sustain contraction
  2. cellular fatigue: decreased glycogen, decreased ATP, increased lactic acid
  3. neuromuscular fatigue: decreased acetylcholine
  4. central fatigue: decreased mental (psychological)
  5. smooth muscle is regulated by: autonomic nervous system
  6. ratio of actin:myosin in smooth muscle: 15:
  7. smooth muscle walls: hollow tubes and organs
  8. smooth muscle has a nucleus: single
  9. smooth muscle shape: spindle shape, does not extend the full length of muscle fiber
  10. thin proteins in smooth muscle: actin and tropomyosin (troponin is not in smooth muscle)
  11. smooth muscle contains filaments: intermediate
  12. smooth muscle lacks: myofibrils, sarcomeres, striations, and t-tubules
  13. smooth muscle contains fibers: elastin & collagen
  14. elastin fibers: allows distension of organ/vessel
  15. collagen fibers: rigid, limits volume of organ/vessel
  16. Law of Laplace: stress = (pressure * radius) / smooth muscle width
  17. smooth muscle has pools of calcium: 2 pools, one released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the other released from extracellular fluid (major source)
  18. what will we do with the calcium since no troponin in smooth muscle?: -

10 /

  1. s2: pulmonary semilunar closes and aortic semilunar closes
  2. s3: in children, thin heart walls = hearing ventricles vibrate in adults, blood entering too slow = heart disease
  3. s4: normal, atria contracting
  4. p wave: atrial depolarization
  5. qrs spectrum: atrial repolarize, ventricles depolarize
  6. t wave: ventricules repolarize
  7. normal bpm: ~75 bpm (60-100)
  8. bradycardia: slow heart rate, 60 bpm higher levels of parasympathetic inhibition of the SA node
  9. tachycardia: fast heart rate, 100+ bpm abnormal/activation of sympathetic via fight or flight
  10. ectopic pacemaker: cells outside SA node that assume pacemaker function
  11. ventricular tachycardia: ectopic activity in ventricles that beat independently from atria
  12. flutter: rhythm is regular but > 300 bpm, can lead to atrial fibrilation
  13. atrial fibrillation: atria stops pumping, only stops 20% of blood volume, can live years without treatment
  14. atrial fibrillation treatment: rhythm can be reestablished by drugs that in- crease refractory period
  15. ventricular fibrillation: ventricles stop pumping, patients live for

11 / minutes, 80% of blood volume is stopped

  1. ventricular fibrillation treatment: strong currents to heart, places heart in absolute refraction pacemaker or transplant must be inserted
  2. cardiac output equation: CO = SV * CR (stroke vl * cardiac rate) mL/min = mL/beat * beat/min
  3. normal blood pressure: 120/80 mmHg (systolic/diastolic)
  4. pulse pressure =: systolic pressure - diastolic pressure
  5. mean arterial pressure =: diastolic pressure + 1/3 (pulse pressure)
  6. normal PR block: 0.12 to 0.2 sec
  7. 1st degree block: > 0.2 sec (delay)
  8. 2nd degree block: damaged AV node, 1 out of 2 APs reach ventricles from atria see P waves without QRS
  9. 3rd degree block: no APs reach ventricles from atria, beats without SA node while ventricles are ectopic treatment = pacemaker
  10. myocardial infaction: irregular QRS and ST is depressed (ischemia = de- creased o2)
  11. arteries: very muscular & thick stretch receptors 100-110 mmHg pressure elastic recoil
  12. tunics: tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventita
  13. tunica media & tunica intima: can have benign tumors

13 / angloplasty blood thinners stints

  1. myocardial infarction: depressed ST segment creatine phosphokinase LDH angina pectoris
  2. poiseuille's law: resistance = (vessel length * viscosity) / radius^
  3. sounds of korotkoff: sounds heard over a blood vessel when the vessel is partially compressed