Download PN 4003 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. and more Exams Pathophysiology in PDF only on Docsity!
PN 4003 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS.
Which degree burns require skin grafts? - Correct answer 3rd and 4th degree What is conductive hearing loss - Correct answer hearing loss that is due to diminished sound reaching middle and inner ear. Sensorineural hearing loss - Correct answer the most common form of hearing loss, also called nerve deafness; caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves Menieres disease - Correct answer tinnitus, vertigo, unilateral fluctuating hearing loss. Nausea vomiting or diaphoresis may occur. Cause is unknown. Meds are used to control symptoms Otosclerosis - Correct answer conductive hearing loss that occurs when osicles become softened, spongy, highly vascular and partially or totally fixed. Tx=h Acoustic neuroma - Correct answer benign tumor on the auditory nerve (8th cranial nerve) that causes vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss Ottis media - Correct answer inflammation or infection of the middle ear Ottis externa - Correct answer infection of the outer ear (ear canal) What is sensation - Correct answer ability to recieve and process stimuli through sensory organs What is reception - Correct answer ability to experience recognize and organize and interpret sensory stimuli Sensory perception - Correct answer ability to receive sensory impression and through optical association relate the stimula to past experiences and form an impression of the nature of the stimulus
Cognition - Correct answer all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating What is a potential effect of diuretics? - Correct answer hypokalemia What is hypokalemia - Correct answer a serum potassium level less than 3.5 meq/l. Best way to monitor hypervolemia? - Correct answer daily weights How much fluid is lost a day via sweat? - Correct answer 900ml How much fluid a day is lost via the kidneys? - Correct answer 1500ml What is urine specific gravity? - Correct answer specific gravity evaluates the kidney's ability to regulate fluid balance & evaluate the hydration status of the body. Urine specific gravity range - Correct answer 1.005-1. Lower = less concentrated, more hydrated Two major electrolytes that regulate fluid balance - Correct answer sodium and chloride 3 types of skin cancer - Correct answer basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma Most common skin cancer - Correct answer basal cell carcinoma Psoriasis - Correct answer chronic skin condition producing red lesions covered with silvery scales Characteristic of herpes zoster (shingles) - Correct answer pustules What is urolithiasis - Correct answer kidney stones
Nausea and vomiting. Sob (dyspnea) Chest pain. Edema (legs and ankles) Abnormal heartbeat (arrhythmia). Lack of appetite. Azotemia vs uremia - Correct answer azotemia = elevated bun Uremia = very elevated bun and renal failure Uremia s/s - Correct answer malaise, fatigue, disorientation, and drowsiness, uremic halitosis (metallic taste) Uremia tx - Correct answer regular dialysis, monitoring symptoms, and managing fluid and potassium intake Normal urine output level - Correct answer >30ml/hr What is a purpose of continuous bladder irrigation - Correct answer prevents clots Turp - Correct answer transurethral resection of the prostate Pantoprazole - Correct answer proton pump inhibitor Crohn's disease - Correct answer a chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract; however, it is most often found in the ileum and in the colon Ulcerative colitis - Correct answer a chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers and irritation Assessing a patient with bowel obstruction - Correct answer monitor electrolytes, monitor ng tube (sometimes an ng tube is used for gastric decompression) Pancreatitis - Correct answer inflammation of the pancreas
Hepatitis a - Correct answer inflammation of the liver, usually caused by a viral infection, that causes fever, loss of appetite, jaundice, fatigue, and altered liver function. Fecal-oral spread Hepatitis b - Correct answer inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis b virus (hbv), which is transmitted sexually or by exposure to contaminated blood or body fluids Hepatitis c - Correct answer inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis c virus (hcv), which is transmitted by exposure to infected blood; this strain is rarely contracted sexually. Can cause dark urine and edema Recap: spread of hep a vs b vs c - Correct answer a - fecal-oral route B - sexually (and blood/fluids), also mother-to-baby C - just blood, rarely sexually True or false: crohns is usually in younger patients - Correct answer true (ages 15-40) Cholelithiasis - Correct answer gallstones Diagnosis and tx of cholelithiasis - Correct answer endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ercp). This is not the initial treatment but only if there are complications Cirrhosis - Correct answer chronic degenerative disease of the liver Cirrhosis s/s - Correct answer ruq pain Jaundice Fruity or musty breath (confused with dka) Asterixis Esophageal varices - Correct answer swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus
Yellow vs red bone marrow - Correct answer red bone marrow: form blood cells making up the majority of bone marrow of young animals Yellow bone marrow: consist of primarily adipose connective tissue aka fat; common type of marrow in adults Joint types - Correct answer 1. Ball -and-socket joint: allows movement in all directions (hip & shoulder joints)
- Hinge joint: allows movement in one direction (elbow)
- Pivot joint: allows turning from side to side (a pivot joint connects the skull to the spine) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Correct answer a rapidly progressive neurological disease that attacks the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscles Huntingtons disease - Correct answer a human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele; characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms. Huntingtons disease s/s - Correct answer mood swings, personality changes Restlessness, choreiform movements in arms and face Multiple sclerosis - Correct answer a chronic disease of the central nervous system marked by damage to the myelin sheath. Plaques occur in the brain and spinal cord causing tremor, weakness, incoordination, paresthesia, and disturbances in vision and speech Multiple sclerosis s/s - Correct answer fatigue Depression Cognitive impairment Dysphagia Muscle weakness and spasms
Frequent urination Constipation Parkinsons - Correct answer a disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement, often including tremors. Parkinsons s/s - Correct answer muscle rigitity, unilateral pill-roll tremor, shuffle, loss of posture control, drooling or excessive sweating, resistance to passive muscle stretching, mask like face, dysphagia, decreased motility, gi and gu, orthostatic hypotension How can you differentiate: als, huntington disease, ms, parkinson's? - Correct answer als - fatal 3-5 yrs due to resp failure. Atrophy and spasticity. Huntingtons - gradual. 10-20 yrs after symptom onset. Triad of movement disorder (chorea), dementia, and psychiatric symptoms. Ms - demyelination-related symptoms with relapsing-remitting course. Optic neuritis (painful vision loss in one eye) is a big clue. Can be progressive or relapsing. Lhermitte's sign (electric shock sensation down spine when bending neck). Bladder/bowel dysfunction, sexual dysfunction. Parkinsons - bradykinesia + rigidity + resting tremor. Depression, dementia, autonomic dysfunction (constipation, orthostatic hypotension). Gradual over decades. Concusion vs. Contusion (head) - Correct answer concusion-blow to the head Contusion- bruise (bleeding) What gland is growth hormone secreted - Correct answer the anterior pituitary gland Shock - Correct answer a condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to enable every body part to perform its function; also called hypoperfusion.
Mumps - Correct answer mumps is a contagious viral infection that can be serious. Common symptoms include painful swelling of the jaw, fever, tiredness, appetite loss, and headache Can cause sterility Bph - Correct answer benign prostatic hyperplasia; benign prostatic hypertrophy Benign prostatic hyperplasia s/s - Correct answer difficulty starting urination Weak urine stream Frequent urination Strong urge to urinate Inability to empty bladder Urinary incontinence Hematuria which can indicate an infection Epididymitis - Correct answer inflammation of the epididymis that is frequently caused by the spread of infection from the urethra or the bladder Epididymitis is an inflammation of the coiled tube, called the epididymis, at the back of the testicle. Epididymitis s/s - Correct answer a swollen, discolored or warm scrotum. Testicle pain and tenderness, usually on one side, that often comes on slowly Ovarian cancer - Correct answer malignant tumor of the ovary Ovarian cancer s/s - Correct answer -early symptoms: bloating, early satiety, fatigue, vague abdominal pain, urinary frequency, diarrhea, constipation, unexplained weight loss or gain -late symptoms: anorexia, dyspepsia, ascites, palpable mass, pelvic pain, back pain
Trach care - Correct answer -apply suction for only 5-10 seconds to minimize o2 loss -suctioning can initiate cough reflex and allows for more effective removal of mucus -once resistance is met, nurse should withdraw catheter 1-2 cm to prevent damaging bronchial tissues -surgical asepsis when suctioning a newly created tracheostomy Ards - Correct answer acute respiratory distress syndrome Acute respiratory distress syndrome - Correct answer lung condition usually caused by trauma, pneumonia, smoke or fumes, inhaled vomit, or sepsis Acute respiratory distress syndrome s/s - Correct answer dyspnea, labored and shallow respirations, rales, productive cough with frothy sputum, hypoxia, cyanosis, fever, hypotension, tachycardia, restlessness, confusion, lethargy, and anxiety Emphysema - Correct answer a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness. Emphysema s/s - Correct answer tachypnea, dyspnea, barrel chest, crackles and wheezes on inspiration, decreased breath sounds, clubbing, mental status changes Emphysema risk factors - Correct answer smoking, air pollution, genetics, untreated pulmonary disease Mononucleosis s/s - Correct answer -malaise -sore throat -ha -fatigue -fever -lymphadenopathy -enlarged spleen (no contact sports) Mononucleosis tx - Correct answer symptomatic tx
What is atherosclerosis - Correct answer -plaque that is formed inside the walls of arteries What is arteriosclerosis - Correct answer hardening of the arteries True or false: atherosclerosis is a subtype of arteriosclerosis - Correct answer true Indicators of renal function impairment - Correct answer higher bun (>20mg/dl), rapid reduction in urine output, high blood pressure Sweating profusely along with other cardiac symptoms is a sign of... - Correct answer myocardial infarction (mi) Seizure meds - Correct answer diazepam, lorazepam, phenytoin Diazepam - Correct answer valium Benzodiazepine Lorazepam - Correct answer ativan Benzodiazepine Phenytoin - Correct answer ativan Benzodiazepine Benzodiazepines considerations - Correct answer •educate on s&s of respiratory depression/cv collapse •assess for â in seizure activity •maintain patient safety pre and post seizures •watch for triggers •assess for history of smoking (may require larger doses) •assess for urinary retention •do not mix with other drugs parenterally True or false: llq abdo pain is a typical sign of cholecystitis - Correct answer false, remember the gallbladder is the ruq not the llq
Cholecystitis - Correct answer inflammation of the gallbladder; usually associated with gallstones Good luck, dont forget to review the midterm as well for this one. - Correct answer
