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Introduction International commitments on the environment, development, and health have been observed since the Rio Declaration in 1992. The Rio Declaration focused on consequences and potential hazards of the environment - development interaction with population. The Libreville Declaration on Health and Environment in Africa signed by 52 member countries in 2008 clearly delineated the impact of environmental risks on the health of populations and related vulnerabilities. Morbidity and mortality related to poor sanitation, hygiene and unsafe water supply were identified as ongoing major sources of environment related deaths in the country. The Declaration also provided broad regional directions to mitigate the impact of environmental risks in member countries.
Anchored in the Libreville Declaration, a country-specific Situational Analysis and Needs Assessment (SANA) were conducted in Ethiopia in 2009. The SANA addressed the importance of inter-linkages between health and the environment and the report came out in 2010. The report highlighted the need for a paradigm shift in understanding and dealing with health and environmental issues that often used to be viewed as separate entities. The main paradigm shift for environmental health policy emerged from Agenda 21, the blueprint for sustainable development in the 21st century. Agenda 21 itself was adopted at the UN Conference on Environment and Development in 1992.
The 2010 SANA report concluded that the existing policies and strategies were fragmented and compounded by major gaps in their coverage. In addition, there was no harmonization in the organizational frameworks. Also, they were not accessible to the lower level. Unsurprisingly, there were strong complaints by lower level implementers about the lack of implementing guidelines and enforcing procedures that could assist them to translate the available policies and regulations into practice.
As a foundation for planning a GEO Health Hub, the SANA approach has been followed to address air pollution, occupational health and climate change. (GEO Health Hub is a national and regional center for environmental and occupational health).
Next, findings on Policy Regulatory and Organizational Frameworks in Environmental Health in Ethiopia are presented.
Objectives of the assignment
✓ The purpose of the assignment was to examine environmental policies and eventually prevent the health impacts of air pollution, occupational hazards, and climate change. ✓ To understand, read and extract all information from different area. ✓ To identify the methods used to make policy. Review of authors
overall responsibility for the Environmental Policy, implementation, review and continual improvement of the Environmental Management System. The Environmental Policy is reviewed. The review incorporates the co-ordination, implementation monitoring and continual improvement of the Environmental policy. The Environmental Policy and Action Plan update will be communicated to all.
Environmental Policy will play a key role in working toward sustainable development, because the health and well-being of our environment is crucial for providing us all with a good quality of life, both today and for the years to come.
ANALYSIS THE STRATEGIES OF POLICY
The implementation and specific modalities for the realization of the objectives set by the Constitution and environmental proclamations are yet to be formulated. There are no documents that outline the national or regional strategies that the ministries and agencies should use as a basis for translating the existing policies, legal provisions, or guidelines for air pollution into practical programs. The Government of the FDRE has initiated the Climate-Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) as a strategy to protect the country from the adverse effects of climate change, and to build a green economy that will help the country realize its ambition of achieving the status of middle-income before 2025. The CRGE was developed in 2011 and launched at the 17th^ United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Durban, in 2011. It follows a multi- sectoral approach and has so far identified and prioritized more than 60 initiatives. The initiatives help member countries achieve their development goals while limiting their Green House Gas emissions to 150 Mt CO2e in 2030. This level of emission is estimated to about 250 Mt CO2e less than the level estimated under a conventional development path.
the ministries responsible for air pollution control themselves have either no trained staff at all or they may have very few trained staff in their offices.
The ministries and the institutions do not seem to have the capacity needed to translate the intervention mechanisms into practice. There is no laboratory equipment in the research institutions that deal with climate change. Only very few instruments that may be used to monitor meteorological events are available in the relevant offices. Even the said few available instruments themselves are old. The only resource available in the Addis Ababa Regional Environmental Protection Authority is a laboratory set up. Other than this, there is no financial capacity to effectively measure and control air pollution.
Not many documents that indicate the availability and capacity of research institutions and laboratories so far established to address OSH-related issues are either available or accessible. However, according to the limited documents reviewed and the interviews conducted, there are very few trained professionals and limited capacity associated with climate change in the country. Activities such as implementing policy development interventions, conducting relevant research, or providing training require much more resource than is currently available and accessible.
The Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs identified the lack of experienced and skilled professionals as the most significant problem in carrying out its duties. Most inspectors are generally trained in basic sciences. None has any specialized OSH training. None also has had any opportunity to attend a training that develops the skills needed to use the measuring instruments appropriately. These lacks may fairly, though not adequately, explain why the inspectors fail to properly carry out their monitoring and evaluation responsibilities.
Significance of the policy An organisation can publicly advertise that it has considered its environmental performance and has adopted best practice or is working towards improving its environmental performance. It's all relative to the organisation and the type of industry but the environmental policy can advertise the environmental status and environmental objectives of the organisation to all stakeholders. To communicate Management objectives for commitment to human health and the environment. All Waste Management owned, operated or controlled operations, share
responsibility to further the goals of this policy. Policy: Waste Management is committed to protecting human health and the environment. This commitment is a keystone of all that we do, reflected in the services we provide to customers, the design and operation of our facilities, the conditions under which employees work, and our interactions with the communities where we live and do business. We will be responsible stewards of the environment and protect the health and well being of our employees and neighbors. The following principles are applicable to Company operations worldwide: F 0B 7 Protection: Conduct all operations in a manner that protects the environment and our employees, neighbors and customers. Proactively work to implement procedures and programs to prevent pollution. F 0B 7 Compliance: Comply with all legal requirements and proactively implement programs and procedures to ensure compliance. F 0B 7 Conservation: Practice and promote the conservation of nature and the earth’s energy resources. F 0B 7 Communication: All Waste Management employees are responsible for helping the Company identify and remedy possible violations. Suspicion of violations of law or Waste Management’s Core Values of Ethical Conduct and Practices shall be communicated in accordance with the Company’s Business Ethics and Compliance Policy and Environmental Reporting and Incident Notification Policy.
Discussion and analysis
The policy assessment reported in this article was made with various officials from pertinent ministries and agencies. Available documents were consulted and key officials were interviewed in the efforts made to obtain relevant data. Attempts were made to explore and identify cross- cutting gaps, constraints, and needs. Lack of implementation plans and shortage of skilled human resources needed, for example, to operate equipment and manage problems in occupational health and safety, climate change, and air pollution, was among the identified critical cross cutting constraints.
Research activities in Ethiopia started in 1966 with the establishment of the Pasteur Institute. The Institute was merged with the former Nutrition Research Institute and formed the present
♦ A result expected
The environmental care and planning document document will be prepared in a timely manner based on the outcome of the chapters flowing through the input and output process. It is a local environmental protection and a blueprint for sustainable development. ♦ Performance level
With 90 percent of the client's time gap between 90% and 90%, the quality gap will be 90%, satisfying customer's satisfaction by 89% by fulfilling 89% of the customer's wishes. A. Requirements from customers to do the job There is a study of the situation of the environment in which this work is carried out, GPS needs, information tools and network resources to do the job. It also requires basic GIS, statistics, analytical skills, etc.
B. Requirements from customers to do the job
- Provide the necessary information
- Collaboration
♦ The basic steps and functions of the main task
Step 1: Location strategies and plans
The main reason for this step is to provide a set of goals, objectives, targets, and output indicators for the development of care strategies and plans. This work will analyze and analyze environmental and social issues that are differentiated by focusing on the environment and will showcase how the environmental strategies and plans should be based on the factors and the indicators of success. This strategy will be based on the unprecedented nature of the environment and the unpacked indicators, which will be based on the overall planning. At this stage, the following specific tasks will be performed
- Prepare a situation of risk assessment and description that may follow,
- Identify alternatives and strategies to mitigate negative consequences, to achieve what is needed and to improve on the course of action.
- Describe some of the options and strategies that may be used to make or break down the
options.
- Identify long, medium and short-term goals, goals, targets, and achievement indicators, measure, record, affirm,
- Determine and identify indicators, targets, objectives and performance indicators indicating overall objectives, goals and objectives targeted at players in the sector. 2 71 3Requires one person per day for man or 0.45 years to complete the work. That means 1 worker
is required to complete the work in a year.
Step 2: Designing the Environmental Care Plan and Strategy
This activity is done by coordinating and coordinating stakeholders in the areas of focus on sustainable development efforts in the areas of focusing on sustainable development efforts and strategies and plans that will help to achieve environmental goals, objectives and goals. Unless this work is done, it is not possible to encompass environmental care without a strategy and orientation plan that will lead and manage the environment.
At this stage, the following specific tasks will be performed
- Identify issues and activities that require urgent action.
- Addressing the objectives and objectives of the sector in terms of the cause and effect of the objectives in order to reach targets and targets.
- Explain the requirements of all requirements at all levels of institutional and individual levels,
- List stakeholders who are responsible for coordinating the action needed to coordinate their actions in their respective activities, outlining their respective roles,
2 71 3Requires 40 days for man or 0.18 years to complete the work. That means 1 worker is required
to complete the work in a year.
Step 3: Agree and formulate the plan with stakeholders The main reason for this step is to develop a complementary blueprint for environmental protection. This creates a sense of ownership amongst stakeholders, and the indicators in the plan and the plan will also be adjusted, agreed and credible. If this task is not done, the indicators presented in the scheme and plan will not be able to bring about the desired change in their plans
will meet the customer's demand by 95 percent of the quality gap by 95 percent and by adjusting the gap by 95 percent to 95 percent by improving the customer's demand by 95 percent by 80.93 percent.
A. Requirements from customers to do the job
- Success for the achievement of IT support, B. Requirements from customers to do the job
- To play a significant role in the ratification of the draft law in accordance with the flow of its essential activities;
The basic steps and functions of the main task
Step 4: Review the content of international and national laws and procedures Finding a good idea
The significance of this level is to reach out to the legislative provisions of our country and to seek the international standards to protect others. If this is not the case, the legality of the law is limited and unpredictable, and the lack of transparency and inefficiency in the environmental care of the environment. The process takes time and costs and the quality is minimal.
At this stage, the following specific tasks will be performed
- Identify general obligations that you will not do Knowing,
- General responses that will not do the act of identifying,
- Facilitate a collaborative and collaborative approach with implementing bodies.
- Receive a public consultation and participation event for the event and implementation.
- Finding ideas on the effectiveness of the system and its implementation.
2 71 3Requires 165 days for man or 0.75 years to complete the work. That means 1 worker is
required to complete the work in a year.
Step 5: Conducting a resolution on sanctions, supports or incentives ;
Establishing an Analysis and Compiling Document The main reason for this step is to collect, compile, analyze and analyze technical and financial support, sanctions, support or incentives for the preparation and implementation of economic instruments, legal compliance, The provisions in this section of the Law section outlined above can not be explicitly and adequately explained. This deficiency does not create an effective and effective law.
At this stage, the following specific tasks will be performed
- Local tax
- Finding information about user fees and revenues.
- Acquiring investment promotion based on environmental care,
- Finding a Government Procurement System for Community Care.
- Finding a safe learning environment that raises environmental safety.
- Learn about raising money for a safe haven of environment security,
- Collecting and analyzing environmental research on sustainable development.
- Establishing an in-depth training on environmental education and training for sustainable development.
- To address the shortage of disadvantages of stakeholders, identify sources of funding,
- Collecting technological shortcomings that stakeholders are facing to address the shortcomings of the stakeholders, collecting the experience of technology that is available to them,
- Collecting a collaborative effort to collaborate between stakeholders,
2 71 3Requires 420 days to complete the work, man or 1.90 years of age. This means that 2 professionals are required to complete the work within one year.
Step 6: The law deals with the flow of activity from beginning to end Reporting
This activity is based on the purpose of the law preparations and the issues that
- Prepare stakeholder standards for benchmarking for the first round of the draft law.
- Identify participants based on the criteria set out and invite the discussion,
- Prepare the draft as per the recommendation
- Interpret the revised draft legal document in the corresponding language
2 71 3Requires 90 days for man or 0.40 years to complete the work. That means 1 worker is required to complete the work in a year.
Step 8: Approval of the draft law
The drafting of the draft law is carried out to prepare and provide the appropriate decision-makers and law-makers involved in the approval of the draft. Can be.
At this stage, the following specific tasks will be performed
- Provide a written explanation of the law to the environment
- Describe the issues raised in the approved discussion process,
- Prepare the document in accordance with the comments made by the complaining body;
- In the end, accept the proposed law by the House of the Senate and prepare the draft law in line with the suggestion
- send draft law to the house of peoples representatives,
•send approved draft law to the Info buffer
2 71 3Requires 47 days for man or 0.21 years to complete the work. That means 1 worker is required
to complete the work in a year.
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
- All sectoral and cross sectoral environmental policies are implemented by policy implementation process
Institutional Framework, Responsibilities and Mandates
The Policies are:
a. To give political and popular support to the sustainable use of natural, human-made and cultural resources and environmental management for effectiveness at the federal, regional, zonal, wereda and community levels;
b. To ensure that legally established coordination and management bodies from the federal down to the community level handle the sectoral and cross sectoral planning and implementation issues identified as the responsibilities of concerned line ministries commissions, authorities and bureaus, as applicable to the level of organizations, including those of the relevant federal executive organs as well as regional and municipal governments, elected councillors, non-governmental organizations, community representatives, representatives of professional or other environmental associations and the private sector;
c. To use to the maximum, whenever possible, existing institutional structures;
d. (^) To determine institutional arrangements for the formulation of conservation and natural resource development and management strategies, legislation, regulation, monitoring and enforcement using the following criteria:
d.i. conformity with the Constitution, especially with respect to the decentralization of power; d.ii. harmonization of sectoral interests; iii. integration of environmental planning with development planning; iv. minimization of incremental financial requirements;
e. To create the conditions for formulating, reviewing and updating sectoral regulations on, and procedures for, the restoration, protection, management and sustainable use of the natural, human-made and cultural resources and the environment; and f. To provide a broad framework for both punitive and incentive measures.
Monitoring, Evaluation and Policy Review
The Policies are :
a. To ensure that individual programme and project monitoring becomes the responsibility of the appropriate federal and/or regional implementing and/or mandated agencies;
b. To ensure that the monitoring of the overall impacts of the implementation of the Federal Environmental Policy on the country's renewable natural resources and environmental support systems, and that the compilation of recommendations for any modification that is required, should be consistent with the institutional arrangement specified in the CSE and also be responsive to popular opinion;
c. To ensure that the Environmental Protection Authority carries the overall monitoring of the Policy implementation and is responsible for proposing modifications, in consultation with the mandated line ministries and/or the opinion of stakeholder communities and groups, and for having them approved by the Inter-Ministerial Environmental Protection Council;
d. To ensure that line ministries and regional and lower level bureaus and branches of bureaus monitor the overall impact of the implementation of this Federal Environmental Policy on those sectors and elements for which they have the legal mandate;
e. To ensure that, starting with the Community Environmental Coordinating Committee and aggregating upwards through the appropriate level offices of Water Resources, Mines and Energy, Agriculture, and Economic Development and Cooperation, reviews of the status of natural resources and the environment, including evaluation of the implementation of
this Federal Environmental Policy, are completed annually at the appropriate levels; and to ensure that the Environmental Protection Authority will be responsible for prompting the compilation of the reports and for reporting on the process;
Methodology
The assignment was used both primary and secondary data as the main source of in formation. The primary information was collected from different source like customers of the company and managerial body of the company .whereas, secondary data was obtained from different websites and different books
The national policy and regulatory documents were reviewed. Literature was identified through electronic searches First, published and unpublished national policies,regulatory and other legal documents were reviewed and important notes were taken. Then, the notes were synthesized according to themes. Next, key interviews were conducted with the major stakeholders. Semistructured questions designed to help identify gaps and needs guided the interview.
- Developing mechanisms for raising awareness in the respective sectors, including policymakers and the public at large
References Albæk, E. (1995) ‘Between Knowledge and Power: Utilization of Social Science in Public Policy Making’, Policy Sciences 28(1): 79–100. Albæk, E. (1996) ‘Why All This Evaluation? Theoretical Notes and Empirical Observations on the Functions and Growth of Evaluation, with Denmark as an Illustrative Case’, The Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation 11(2): 1–34.
. Günther H. Declaration of The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Declaration), 1972 and The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. 1992
- Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Situation Analysis And Needs Assessment (Sana) on The Libreville Declaration on Health And Environment Interlinkage Country Report. Ethiopia Addis Ababa; Ethiopia: 2010.
- World Health Organization. Public Health & Environment in the African Region: Report on the Work of WHO (2010–2011) 2012
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa. Brazzaville, Republic of Congo: 2005. The who strategic plan for health and environment in the african region, 2006–2009.
- Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Constitution of Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa; Ethiopia: 1994.
- Transitional Government of Ethiopia. Health Policy of The Transitional Government of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa; 1993.
