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Population Genetics and Quantitative Genetics, Schemes and Mind Maps of Genetics

University of the West Indies, Cave HillGenetics

Population Genetics and Quantitative Genetics Practice Study Questions

Typology: Schemes and Mind Maps

2025/2026

Uploaded on 04/23/2026

chelsea-jean-1
chelsea-jean-1 🇧🇧

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Quantitative Genetics Study Questions
Core Concepts
1. What is a quantitative trait?
2. What is a qualitative (discontinuous) trait?
3. Give TWO examples of quantitative traits.
4. Give TWO examples of qualitative traits.
5. What is meant by continuous variation?
6. What is meant by discontinuous variation?
Comparison (VERY IMPORTANT)
7. Compare quantitative vs qualitative traits (genes involved + variation).
8. Why do quantitative traits show a range of phenotypes?
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Quantitative Genetics Study Questions Core Concepts

  1. What is a quantitative trait?
  2. What is a qualitative (discontinuous) trait?
  3. Give TWO examples of quantitative traits.
  4. Give TWO examples of qualitative traits.
  5. What is meant by continuous variation?
  6. What is meant by discontinuous variation? Comparison (VERY IMPORTANT)
  7. Compare quantitative vs qualitative traits (genes involved + variation).
  8. Why do quantitative traits show a range of phenotypes?

(Hint from your slide: many genes acting together) Polygenic Inheritance

  1. What does “polygenic” mean?
  2. What is meant by additive gene effects?
  3. In polygenic traits, what happens as the number of contributing genes increases? Distributions
  4. What is a frequency distribution?
  5. What type of distribution do most quantitative traits follow?
  6. Describe a normal distribution.
  7. What is a skewed distribution?
  1. Write the equation for phenotypic variation. MUST KNOW: VP = VG + VE + VGE Types of Variance
  2. What is genetic variance (VG)?
  3. What is environmental variance (VE)?
  4. What is genetic–environment interaction variance (VGE)? Look at the plant example (wet vs dry) — VERY testable. Genetic Variance Breakdown
  5. What are the THREE components of genetic variance?
  6. What is additive genetic variance (VA)?
  7. What is dominance variance (VD)?
  1. What is genic interaction variance (VI)? MUST KNOW: VG = VA + VD + VI Heritability (VERY IMPORTANT)
  2. What is heritability?
  3. What does heritability measure?
  4. What is broad-sense heritability?
  5. Write the equation for broad-sense heritability. H² = VG / VP Limitations (EXAM QUESTION LIKELY)
  6. Why does heritability NOT mean a trait is “genetically determined”?
  7. Why does heritability apply to populations, not individuals?
  1. What TWO factors determine phenotype? From slide: genotype + environment Sources of Genetic Variation
  2. What are TWO sources of new genetic variation?
  3. What is a mutation?
  4. Why do most mutations NOT affect phenotype? Look at slide about introns vs exons
  5. What is recombination?
  6. How does sexual reproduction increase variation? Gene Pools & Allele Frequencies
  7. What is a population?
  8. What is a gene pool?
  9. What is a locus?
  1. What does it mean if a locus is “fixed”? Calculations (VERY IMPORTANT)
  2. A population has 100 individuals:
  • 60 AA
  • 30 Aa
  • 10 aa Calculate genotype frequencies. AA = __________ Aa = __________ aa = __________
  1. Using the same population, calculate allele frequencies (p and q). p (A) = __________ q (a) = __________ Use method from your lecture (count alleles) Hardy-Weinberg (MUST KNOW)
  2. What does Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describe?
  3. What does it mean if a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
  4. Write the TWO Hardy-Weinberg equations: p + q = __________ p² + 2pq + q² = __________
  1. Why does natural selection act on individuals but populations evolve? This exact sentence is on your slide Genetic Drift
  2. What is genetic drift?
  3. Why is genetic drift stronger in small populations?
  4. What effect does genetic drift have on variation? Founder & Bottleneck Effects (VERY TESTABLE)
  5. What is the founder effect?
  6. What is the bottleneck effect?
  7. How are they similar? Both reduce variation Gene Flow
  8. What is gene flow?
  9. How does gene flow affect populations?
  1. Does gene flow increase or decrease differences between populations? Answer from slide: reduces differences Application / Higher-Level
  2. Explain why harmful alleles can persist in a population. Look at heterozygote protection slide
  3. A drought favors birds with larger beaks. Explain how allele frequencies would change. Use finch example
  4. Why might a population NOT be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
  5. Explain how genetic drift can lead to fixation of an allele.