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POSC230 - Exam #2 Notes With
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Liberalism - ANSWER A theory emphasizing cooperation and peace in politics. Realism - ANSWER Focuses on power dynamics and state survival. Culture of Death - ANSWER Struggle against societal norms promoting violence. Polarity Theory - ANSWER Power concentration affects international stability. Power Transition Theory - ANSWER Shifts in power lead to conflict or peace. Democratic Peace - ANSWER Democracies rarely engage in wars with each other. Collective Security - ANSWER Mutual defense agreements among states for peace. Three Pillars of Liberalism - ANSWER Democracy, economic interdependence, international organizations. Economic Interdependence - ANSWER Mutual reliance through trade reduces likelihood of war. Anarchy - ANSWER Absence of overarching authority in international relations. Immanuel Kant - ANSWER Philosopher advocating for perpetual peace through cooperation. John Locke - ANSWER Philosopher emphasizing individual rights and economic theory. Jean Jacques Rousseau - ANSWER Philosopher known for the social contract concept. Richard Cobden - ANSWER Advocated for free trade over protectionism. Michael W. Doyle - ANSWER Analyzed the democratic peace at different levels. Domestic Audience Costs - ANSWER Political consequences for leaders backing down from threats. Prisoner's Dilemma - ANSWER Model illustrating cooperation challenges in strategic interactions. Strategic Interaction - ANSWER Decisions made by actors based on others' choices. Actors - ANSWER Participants in a strategic game or interaction. Choices - ANSWER Options available to actors in a game.
Outcomes - ANSWER Results from the interactive choices of actors. Preferences - ANSWER Ranking of possible outcomes by actors. Strategies - ANSWER Plans of action based on choices and outcomes. India-Pakistan Nuclear Game - ANSWER Model of strategic choices regarding nuclear armament. Arms Race - ANSWER Competition between states to build up military capabilities. Stable Military Balance - ANSWER Neither side builds nuclear weapons, maintaining peace. Tragedy of International Politics - ANSWER Inability to achieve mutual benefits due to anarchy. Enforcement Mechanism - ANSWER System ensuring compliance with agreements among states. Liberal Tragedy - ANSWER Peaceful states forced to militarize due to anarchy. Economic Development - ANSWER Growth that reduces militarized disputes between capitalist states. Iterated play - ANSWER Repeated game play without a known endpoint. ***-for-tat strategy - ANSWER Reciprocal strategy in decentralized enforcement. Single play - ANSWER One-time payoff scenario in games. Repeated play - ANSWER Continuous stream of payoffs over time. R. Keohane - ANSWER Scholar emphasizing political institutions' roles. Political Institutions - ANSWER Provide continuity, reciprocity, and transparency. Reciprocity - ANSWER Mutual exchange of privileges or actions. Transparency - ANSWER Sharing unbiased information between actors. Conflict resolution mechanism - ANSWER Processes to resolve disputes among actors. Neo-liberal institutionalism - ANSWER Focuses on institutions in international politics. International norms - ANSWER Expectations of normal state interactions. Institutionalized norms - ANSWER Behaviors that evolve into agreements or treaties. Inter-governmental organizations (IGOs) - ANSWER Sovereign states collaborate while respecting autonomy.
Peace Enforcement - ANSWER Use of force to maintain or restore peace.
G-4 - ANSWER Group of four countries seeking UN Security Council reform.
Cold War Impact - ANSWER Reduced UN effectiveness due to geopolitical tensions.
De-colonization - ANSWER Process increasing UN membership from 51 to 150 states.
Post-Cold War Optimism - ANSWER Initial hope for enhanced UN security role.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - ANSWER Predecessor to WTO, established in
World Trade Organization - ANSWER Established in 1994 to regulate international trade.
Most Favored Nation - ANSWER Trade principle ensuring equal treatment among members.
National Treatment - ANSWER Foreign producers treated equally to domestic ones.
Dispute Settlement Mechanism - ANSWER Process for resolving trade conflicts within WTO.
Bretton Woods System - ANSWER International monetary system established in 1944.
International Monetary Fund - ANSWER Provides financial assistance during balance of payments crises.
World Bank Group - ANSWER Financial institution focused on poverty reduction.
Investment Loans - ANSWER Long-term loans for development projects.
Adjustment Loans - ANSWER Short-term loans for economic stabilization.
Liberalism in Western Europe - ANSWER Shift from conflict to cooperation among nations.
US Disenchantment with UN - ANSWER US frustration due to developing countries' dominance.
Nixon Shock - ANSWER 1971 event ending gold convertibility of USD.
IMF Quota - ANSWER Determines borrowing limits and voting rights.
Voting Rights in IMF - ANSWER Top countries hold majority influence in decisions.
Presidents of World Bank - ANSWER Traditionally from the United States.
Tariff Reduction Rounds - ANSWER Negotiations to lower trade barriers among countries.
Temporary Trade Barriers - ANSWER Safeguards against sudden surges of imports.
Marshall Plan - ANSWER US aid program for European economic reconstruction, 1947-1952.
OEEC - ANSWER Organization for European Economic Cooperation, promoting intra-European cooperation.
Franco-German Rivalry - ANSWER Historical distrust between France and Germany post-WWII.
Economic Integration - ANSWER Opening borders for goods, services, capital, and labor.
Democracy in Europe - ANSWER All West European countries transitioned to democracies.
Realist Critique - ANSWER Argument that realism explains postwar peace better than liberalism.
Bipolarity - ANSWER Cold War structure creating stability in Europe.
Multi-Polar System - ANSWER Post-Cold War structure leading to potential instability.
Liberal Pillars - ANSWER Conditions promoting peace, such as democracy and economic cooperation.
Conflict in Less Advanced Societies - ANSWER Potential for European transformation in other regions.
Ethnic Conflict - ANSWER War driven by competition among ethnic groups.
Civil War Emergence - ANSWER Occurs under poor economic and non-democratic conditions.
Resource Control - ANSWER State controls resources; groups compete for access.
Political Competition - ANSWER Groups vie for state control to access resources.
War in Yugoslavia - ANSWER Conflict fueled by nationalism and economic disparity.
Pre-War Yugoslavia - ANSWER Decentralized federal structure with diverse ethnic groups.
Economic Crisis - ANSWER Created need for political and economic reform.
Serb Nationalism - ANSWER Emergence linked to Kosovo and military responses.
Milosevic's Strategy - ANSWER Exploited nationalism to consolidate power in Serbia.
Slovenia's Independence - ANSWER Achieved through a referendum and a brief war.
Greater Serbia - ANSWER Redrawing boundaries to include all Serbs in Yugoslavia.
Bosnian War - ANSWER Conflict following Bosnia's declaration of independence.
Dayton Agreement - ANSWER 1995 peace deal ending the Bosnian War.
Liberal Vision of War - ANSWER War arises from economic deprivation and weak institutions.
Neo-liberal Institutionalism - ANSWER Focuses on institutions reducing transaction costs.
Realist Critique of Liberalism - ANSWER Emphasizes relative gains over absolute gains.
