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Post traumatic stress disorder speaker notes, Lecture notes of Clinical Psychology

Walden UniversityClinical Psychology

Lecture Notes on PTSD

Typology: Lecture notes

2015/2016

Uploaded on 09/27/2016

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Speaker Notes
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a severe, debilitating disorder which occurs after
experiencing or witnessing a life threatening event that involves horror and intense fear, such as natural
disasters, violence, airplane or automobile accidents, sexual assault and military combat. While it is
normal to experience anxiety, nightmares, intrusive memories, and have trouble sleeping following such
events for most people these symptoms fade over time. For others however, the symptoms get worse
until they prevent the person from being able to live a normal life. This is PTSD. For some people,
PTSD symptoms don’t begin right away or may seem to come and go over time.
According to the DSM 5 the primary diagnostic manual for mental disorders used by mental
health professionals in the U.S., in order to be diagnoses with PTSD, the person must have been exposed
to a traumatic event and have symptoms from four categories including “re-experiencing”, ”avoidance”,
“negative cognitions and mood,” and “arousal”. There are also specifications for duration, functioning
and whether there is delayed onset or dissociation such as depersonalization or derealization. The
disorder cannot be due to substance use or a co-occurring medical disorder.
Combat veterans is one population that has high rates of PTSD due to the experience of multiple
and ongoing traumatic stressors during wartime. Estimates of lifetime PTSD for all living veterans in the
U.S. is 8 percent, however veterans of different wars are reported to have different rates {Wisco, Marx,
Wolf, Miller, Southwick, & Pietrzak, 2014). For examples, lifetime prevalence rates of PTSD in Vietnam
veterans have been estimated 30.9 percent for men and 26.9 percent for women with 22.5 percent of men
and 21.2 percent of women have had subclinical PTSD meaning around half of all Vietnam veterans
experienced “clinically serious stress reaction symptoms.” Among Gulf War veterans, prevalence rates of
current PTSD was found to be 12.1 percent, while in Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi
Freedom prevalence rates were estimated at 13.8 percent (Gradus, 2007).
Symptoms of PTSD
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Speaker Notes Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a severe, debilitating disorder which occurs after experiencing or witnessing a life threatening event that involves horror and intense fear, such as natural disasters, violence, airplane or automobile accidents, sexual assault and military combat. While it is normal to experience anxiety, nightmares, intrusive memories, and have trouble sleeping following such events for most people these symptoms fade over time. For others however, the symptoms get worse until they prevent the person from being able to live a normal life. This is PTSD. For some people, PTSD symptoms don’t begin right away or may seem to come and go over time. According to the DSM 5 the primary diagnostic manual for mental disorders used by mental health professionals in the U.S., in order to be diagnoses with PTSD, the person must have been exposed to a traumatic event and have symptoms from four categories including “re-experiencing”, ”avoidance”, “negative cognitions and mood,” and “arousal”. There are also specifications for duration, functioning and whether there is delayed onset or dissociation such as depersonalization or derealization. The disorder cannot be due to substance use or a co-occurring medical disorder. Combat veterans is one population that has high rates of PTSD due to the experience of multiple and ongoing traumatic stressors during wartime. Estimates of lifetime PTSD for all living veterans in the U.S. is 8 percent, however veterans of different wars are reported to have different rates {Wisco, Marx, Wolf, Miller, Southwick, & Pietrzak, 2014). For examples, lifetime prevalence rates of PTSD in Vietnam veterans have been estimated 30.9 percent for men and 26.9 percent for women with 22.5 percent of men and 21.2 percent of women have had subclinical PTSD meaning around half of all Vietnam veterans experienced “clinically serious stress reaction symptoms.” Among Gulf War veterans, prevalence rates of current PTSD was found to be 12.1 percent, while in Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom prevalence rates were estimated at 13.8 percent (Gradus, 2007). Symptoms of PTSD

According to the DSM-5 (APA, 2013), there are four categories of symptoms that define PTSD.

  1. Intrusive Symptoms – The person re-experiences the event in a number of ways including Repetitive, uncontrollable, intrusive thoughts and memories of the event Traumatic nightmares of the event Dissociative experiences such as flashbacks where the person believes they are back in the situation, experiencing the environment as it were the situation happening again; these episodes may be brief or more serious progressing up to a complete loss of consciousness Extreme or protracted distress after being exposed to things that cause traumatic memories Notable physical reactivity after being exposed to reminders of the traumatic event
  2. Avoidance Continuous, purposeful avoidance of any stimuli that are related to memories of the trauma; Since anything that was in the environment or occurred during the traumatic event may be a stimuli including colors such as the color of uniforms or flags, songs that were playing on a radio when attacked, the smell of certain plants or perfume a nurse may have been wearing, or the image on a cigarette package among numerous others, just about anything may trigger a reaction and there is no predicting when the person will come into contact with a triggering stimulus. Therefore, the person will do anything possible to avoid: Thoughts or feelings related to the trauma Stimuli that may remind the person of the trauma such as people with specific appearances, places, certain activities or hobbies, physical objects, or situations.
  3. Negative alterations in cognitions and mood that started with or became more severe after the traumatic event including:

worsened by the use of a substance or become worse when the substance wears off in a kind of rebound effect. This leads to the person using more of the substance more frequently leading to an addiction developing. The prevalence rates of veterans with combat related PTSD and co-occurring drug misuse has been estimated to be as high as 63 percent (Hourani, Williams, Bray, & Kandel, 2014). Co-Morbid Problems Combat related PTSD often occurs simultaneously with other disorders including: Generalized anxiety disorder Major depression Dysthymia Panic Disorder Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder Psychotic Disorders Bipolar Disorder Suicidality (APA, 2013)

References American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). DSM 5. American Psychiatric Association. Gradus, J. L. (2007). Epidemiology of PTSD. National Center for PTSD (United States Department of Veterans Affairs).

Hourani, L. L., Williams, J., Bray, R. M., & Kandel, D. B. (2014). Posttraumatic stress disorder, substance abuse, and other behavioral health indicators among active duty military men and women. Traumatic Stress Disorders & Treatment, 2014. Wisco, B. E., Marx, B. P., Wolf, E. J., Miller, M. W., Southwick, S. M., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2014). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the US veteran population: results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 75(12), 1338-1346.