Wind Turbines: Powering Samsø Island's Renewable Energy Transition - Prof. Kamal, Schemes and Mind Maps of Electrical Engineering

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Wind Turbines

REPORT:

WIND TURBINES (OFF GRID)

power system analysis ( 2 )

Made by:

[ Esmail Ali Esmail – Ashraf Esmail Abdul Razek – Khalil Kamal Ali – Ali

Amr Ali – Abdullah Ebrahim Abo Elfotoh – Ahmed Mohammed Fathy]

Supervising:

Prof. Mohammed Abdul Hakeem

Samsø island: is located in Denmark with 112 km

2

( 43 sq mi) area and population

of 4000 or more, the highest point is 64 m ( 210 ft) above sea level.

• In 1997 , Samsø won a government competition to become a model renewable

energy community. At the time, Samsø was entirely dependent on oil and coal, both

imported from the mainland. Therefore, it became the worlds first renewable energy

island.

• Many different projects were started to realize the plan. An onshore wind

farm comprising 11 turbines were built. The first turbine was erected and on-line in

2000. In addition to that, 10 offshore turbines were completed in 2007.

• The people of Samsø heat their homes straw burned in a central heating system

and they power some vehicles on biofuel which they also grow. The island has four

district heating plants in total. Now 100 % of the island's electricity comes from wind

power, with surplus electricity exported to the mainland grid.

OVERVIEW OF THE ENERGY SYSTEM OF

SAMSØ

Energy demand in Samsø

Electricity demand in Samsø

COMPONENTS OF WIND TURBINES

Wind turbines are devices that convert wind energy into electrical

energy, and these turbines consist of the following components:

BLADES

The vast majority, around 90 %, of wind turbines are equipped with three equal-sized blades

that possess high aerodynamic efficiency, allowing them to rotate under the influence of wind

speed.

The blades' primary task is to harness the kinetic energy carried by the wind to rotate the low-

speed rotor connected to the blades via the hub.

The kinetic energy of the wind is given by the equation:

Kinetic Energy = 0.5 * Wind Mass * Wind Speed Squared

Returning to the relationship of turbine power, we note that

air density and wind speed are factors that cannot be

controlled, as these factors depend on the location and

altitude of the turbine. As for the area of the circle traced by

the turbine, it is related to the length of the blade, which can

be controlled. Therefore, an increase in blade length leads to

an increase in converted energy and consequently an increase

in the electrical energy output of each turbine.

ROTOR HUB At the front of the turbine, there is a hub connected to the low-speed rotation axis on one side, while the blades are mounted on its sides. Its primary function is to rotate with the blades and rotate the low-speed rotation axis, while also providing support and connection for the blades.

GEAR BOX The gearbox consists of a set of interlocking gears, with the larger gears located on the low-speed rotation axis side, while the smaller gears are on the high-speed rotation axis side. The purpose of this arrangement is to transfer motion and increase speed, making it suitable for the rotational speed of the electrical generator.

HIGH SPEED SHAFT It is connected to the gearbox on one side and to the electrical generator on the other side through the generator shaft. Its task is to transfer motion from the gearbox to the electrical generator.

TURBINE TOWER The tower is designed to withstand the weight of the entire turbine body, and inside it, the wires from the generator to the transformer pass through. Additionally, stairs are built inside the tower to allow maintenance workers to access turbine sections when needed. At the base of the tower, there is a control room for monitoring the turbine's performance and stopping it during maintenance times, for example. The transformer may be located either inside or outside the tower's base. At the top of the tower, where it connects with the turbine body, there is the yaw drive. This drive connects to a computer that analyzes signals from sensors, then sends a signal to the drive to rotate the turbine body to align with the wind direction.

• The ideal height for a wind turbine tower depends on several different factors, including the type of terrain and wind conditions, as well as the size and type of the turbine itself. Typically, this height ranges from 30 meters to 100 meters or more. Here are some points to consider when determining the height of a wind turbine tower:
• 1. Height of the Wind Turbine: The total height of the tower should be sufficient to lift the wind turbine high above trees and buildings to receive winds freely and without interference.
• 2. Expected Wind Speed: In areas with strong winds, the wind turbine may need a greater height to capture a sufficient amount of wind energy.
• 3. Impact of Height on Performance: Increasing the height of the turbine tower can lead to increased energy production, but it may also increase infrastructure and maintenance costs.
• 4. Cost and Legal Restrictions: Financial costs of building a tall tower should also be considered, along with any legal restrictions and permits imposed by local authorities on tower height.
• In general, the ideal height for a wind turbine tower depends on a balance between effective performance and acceptable costs. It may require engineering design and geological and environmental studies to determine the optimal height for a particular location.