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BIO15 Exam5 Chapter 12 – Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and Helminths Fungi Overview Kingdom: Fungi Chemoheterotrophs – They absorb nutrients through their membranes. Mostly multicellular , except for yeast , which is unicellular. Fungi may appear unicellular , fleshy , or filamentous. Reproduction: Sexual and asexual spores
Comparison: Bacteria vs. Fungi Feature Bacteria Fungi Cell Type Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Sterols in Membrane Absent Present Cell Wall Peptidoglycan Chitin (not peptidoglycan) Spores Endospores (not reproductive) Sexual/asexual (reproductive) Metabolism Very diverse Heterotrophic, aerobic/facultatively anaerobic
Types of Fungal Growth Mold Form (Multicellular): o Have a thallus made of long filaments called hyphae o Mass of hyphae is called mycelium Unicellular Form (Yeast): o Types: Fission yeast and Budding yeast o Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a common budding yeast o Observed in our first microscope lab Dimorphic Fungi: o Exist in two forms: yeast (warm temperatures) or mold (cooler conditions) o Candida albicans is dimorphic and part of normal vaginal flora
Microscopic Observations (Lab 16) Budding Cells : Look for early, mid, and late stages of budding. Dimorphic Candida : o Long hyphae = filamentous o Circular cells = yeast-like
Asexual Reproduction Conidiophore = entire spore-bearing structure Conidia = spores at the tips Sporangiospore = sac-like structure with spores inside When the term has no "s" (e.g., sporangiospore), it refers to the structure ; when pluralized (e.g., spores), it refers to the individual reproductive units
Sexual Reproduction Zygospore : Formed by fusion of two mating fungi Ascospore : Sac contains spores Basidiospore : Found in mushrooms (the sexual part) 🍄 Mushroom = sexual reproductive structure (Life cycles are shown for complexity— no need to memorize them.)
Medical Terms for Fungal Infections Type Location Systemic Mycoses Deep in body Subcutaneous Mycoses Below skin surface Cutaneous Mycoses Skin, nails, hair Superficial Mycoses Localized on skin surface Opportunistic Mycoses Occur when normal flora is disrupted (e.g., antibiotics or low immunity)
Algae Overview Kingdom: Protista Photoautotrophs – Use sunlight + CO ₂ → glucose Take in nutrients via diffusion Possess various pigments → photosynthesis Can be multicellular or unicellular
Common Types Surface algae : Often seen near shores (e.g., green or brown) Deep water algae : Different pigments for low light
Two species: o T. brucei → African sleeping sickness o T. cruzi → Chagas disease (more common in the U.S.) Intracellular parasites Live in bloodstream Appear as squiggles among red blood cells in smears
Entamoeba histolytica Causes GI upset Large, seen in fecal matter Also observe cyst and trophozoite forms
Acanthamoeba Can lead to blindness Observe cyst and trophozoite stages
Plasmodium (Malaria) Intracellular parasite Infects red blood cells See nodules inside red blood cells Transmitted via mosquito Complex life cycle – don't memorize, just understand the complexity
Balantidium coli Large, ciliated protozoan Causes GI upset Difficult to see cilia under lab microscopes
Helminths (Worms) Overview Kingdom: Animalia Chemoheterotrophs , multicellular Have tissues and organ systems Nutrient intake via absorption Reproductive systems are well-developed
Reproduction Hermaphroditic (Monoecious) : Both sexes in one worm Dioecious : Separate male and female worms ⚠️ We do not memorize reproductive cycles
Systems Present (Minimally Functional) Digestive Nervous Locomotive Reproductive ( most developed )
Life Cycle Terms Definitive Host : Where sexual reproduction occurs (e.g., mosquito in malaria) Intermediate Host : Where asexual stages or development occur (e.g., human in malaria)
Pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis) Common in young children Eggs are microscopic and highly contagious Females migrate to the anal opening to lay eggs → itchy Children scratch, pick up eggs → transfer to surfaces → spread to others Often entire household becomes infected
Vectors Biological Vector : Pathogen develops or reproduces inside the vector o e.g., Mosquito for malaria Mechanical Vector : Only transports the pathogen o e.g., Fly walks on feces, then food
Final Notes: There's a lot more in this chapter than covered in class. Focus your studying using the study guide and the material presented here. No need to memorize life cycles, just understand general patterns and structures. Know which organisms are pathogenic , what system they affect , and how to identify them microscopically.
