Hydroelectric Power
Stations
(for BEE)
Lecture Slides
by
Muhammad Faizan Munir
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Hydroelectric Power Stations: Generation, Types, and Design, Lecture notes of Digital Logic Design and Programming
An in-depth exploration of hydroelectric power stations, their functioning, and the various types of hydroelectric power plants. The concepts of kinetic and potential energy of flowing water, the role of water turbines, and the importance of dams and head in hydroelectric power generation. Additionally, it discusses the challenges of water hammer and the use of pumped storage facilities.
Typology: Lecture notes
2018/2019
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Hydroelectric Power
Stations
(for BEE)
Lecture Slides
by
Muhammad Faizan Munir
Hydroelectric Power Stations
“Hydroelectric Power Generation is based on utilizing energy of flowing water.”
Flowing water has Kinetic Energy & Potential Energy
Natural Sources of Flowing Water
a. Water Falls: water flowing from the height
b. Streams: fall into river
c. Rivers: fall into sea
Water Wheel?
“Water wheel is generic name for any structure which rotates by the virtue of
water energy”
Water Turbine : a water wheel used for electric power generation.
- (^) Characteristics of water turbines are specially related with the terms of
electric energy. Water wheel may be designed by anyone with unspecified
characteristics, while water turbines is designed by engineer having defined
speed vs. water flow vs. power output specifications.
- (^) Example: a water wheels made for grinding corn/thrashing rice etc.
- (^) Water turbine efficiently captures energy of flowing water.
Location of Water Turbine?
“Water turbine is not placed directly under the naturally flowing water, there is
some channel (water path) to converge water onto the turbine blades”
Water is channelized and driven to a convenient location where turbine is
placed. as shown
What is the need of doing all this? (more head: more energy)
Need for Head
Water is first stored in a reservoir and then made to fall onto the turbine from
a specific height.
“The height of water level in the reservoir above the level of turbine is known as
head”
Need for Head
It is mainly the head and the quantity of water flowing into the turbine which
determine the work done, and consequently the power output.
- (^) Pipeline = (water channel)
Why a sloped pipeline/water channel is required?
Why not vertical?
Catchment Area
- (^) For any river, there is a catchment area.
- (^) The area over which the rainfall flows down to a particular river is known as catchment
area.
- (^) Expressed in square kilometers.
Like for the river Indus, there is some specific catchment area. Rainfalls/Snow melting over
that area provides water into river Indus.
Run off
- (^) The entire rainfall over the catchment area does not reach the river. It is assumed that
about 30% of the rainfall is lost into soil, evaporation e.t.c. only 70% reaches the river. This
70% rain water reached in the river is known as run-off.
- (^) Run-off of Air University
- (^) Run-off of Sector E-
Selecting a site for Hydroelectric Power Station
Key points for site selection:
A hydroelectric power station is built along side a dam.
Ariel photography and contour maps of the terrain are needed for deciding the location.
Sufficient head must be available for a substantial power potential.
Rainfall records of last twenty years for the catchment area of that river are studied.
*Q.(Can power be generated from Rawal Dam, Islamabad, Pakistan? No. Because sufficient
head is not available. Rainfall records for River Swan is not good.)
*Q(Can you build a dam specially for power generation along River Ravi, Punjab, Pakistan?:
No. Because its catchment area is located in india, and india is building dams along that river,
hence blocking water of Pakistan)
*Q(Neelum-Jehlum Power Project: No Dam is made, just a small reservoir, because Water
flow is quite large, and mostly throughout the year. Sufficient head is available.)
Selecting a site for Hydroelectric Power Station
Key points for site selection:
Following explorations are mandatory for site selection of a Dam accompanied by a
hydroelectric power station:
- Metrological (Water availability)
- Geological (Terrain gradient)
- Geophysical (Soil Strength)
Rawal Dam is for water storage.
Locations for “Tarbela”, “Mangla” and “Kala Bagh” Dams are best suited for Hydroelectric
Power Generation and Floods Prevention.
Layout of Turbine coupled with Generator
Water Hammer and the need for Surge Tank
Broken Pen Stock
Types of Hydropower plants
There are three types of hydropower facilities:
- Impoundment hydropower facility.
- Diversion hydropower facility.
- Pumped storage hydropower facility.
Hydropower plants range in size from small systems for a home or village to large projects
producing electricity for utilities.