Primary Health Care: Concepts, Objectives, and Implementation, Exams of Nursing

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An overview

Primary health care

Content

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Primary Health Care (PHC)

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Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)

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Kenya Vision 2030.

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The Big Four Agenda

History of Primary Health Care:  (^) Before 1978, globally, existing health services were failing to provide quality health care to the people.  (^) Different alternatives and ideas failed to establish a well-functioning health care system.  (^) Considering these issues, a joint WHO-UNICEF international conference was held in 1978 in Alma Ata (USSR), commonly known as Alma-Ata conference.  (^) The conference included participation from government from 134 countries and other different agencies.  (^) The conference jointly called for a revolutionary approach to the health care.

 (^) The conference declared ‘The existing gross inequality in the health status of people particularly between developed and developing countries as well as within countries is politically, socially and economically unacceptable’.  (^) Thus, the Alma-Ata conference called for acceptance of WHO goal of ‘Health for All’ by 2000 AD.  (^) Furthermore, it proclaimed Primary Health Care (PHC) as a way to achieve ‘Health for All’.  (^) In this way, the concept of Primary Health Care (PHC) came into existence globally in 1978 from the Alma-Ata Conference.

 PHC was developed with the concept that the people of the country receive at least the basic minimum health services that are essential for their good health and care.

The Concept of PHC

 These are ideals about the implementation of health care for all.  (^) Accessible  (^) geographically, financially and culturally within easy reach to the whole community.  Acceptable  (^) appropriate, adequate, and able to satisfy the health needs of people  (^) social cultural norms.  Affordable  (^) Services at a cost that the community can afford.  Available  (^) The health structures and services are easily available to the community members. Distance to reach the facilities; services are being offered  (^) Appropriate Technology  (^) Utilising existing methods, techniques, and resources within the community.

Objectives of Primary Health Care (PHC):  (^) To increase the programs and services that affect the healthy growth and development of children and youth.  (^) To boost participation of the community with government and community sectors to improve the health of their community.  (^) To develop community satisfaction with the primary health care system.  (^) To support and advocate for healthy public policy within all sectors and levels of government.  (^) To support and encourage the implementation of provincial public health policies and direction.

 To provide reasonable and timely access to primary health care services. To apply the standards of accountability in professional practice. To establish, within available resources, primary health care teams and networks. To support the provision of comprehensive, integrated, and evidence-based primary health care services.

 Equity Fair and just distribution of health resources between and within countries Close the gap between the ‘haves’ and ‘have- nots’ Permit all citizens to lead a socially and economically productive life Includes equal access, utilization of health care and distribution of health resources (infrastructure, supplies, human resource)  Manpower development Human resource for health Training on technical skills in different sectors of economy

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Community participation

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Communities at the grass roots levels are

involved in the health activities through

community health workers.

 Community involvement is the process

by which individuals and families assume

responsibility for the community and

develop the capacity to contribute to their

health and the community's development

The community should be actively involved

in:

The assessment of the situation

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Problem identification

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Priority setting and making decisions

Pillars of PHC

The four major pillars of primary health care are as follows: Community Participation Inter-sectoral Coordination Appropriate Technology Support Mechanism Made Available

 Appropriate technology  To be appropriate, a technology must be:-  Effective - it must work and fulfill its purpose in the circumstances in which it needs to be used.  Culturally acceptable and valuable  Affordable i.e. cost effective  Locally Sustainable - we should not be over dependent on imported skills and supplies for its continuing function, maintenance and repair.  Environmentally accountable- the technology should be environmentally harmless  Measurable- the impact and performance of any technology needs proper and continuing evaluation

Elements/components of PHC In the Alma Ata conference of 1978, eight essential elements of PHC were identified:  Education concerning prevailing health problems and the methods of preventing and controlling them  Local endemic disease control  Expanded Programme of Immunisation  Maternal and child health care and family planning  Essential drug supply  Nutrition and adequate food supply  Treatment and prevention of common diseases and injuries  Safe water supply and good sanitation

 Additional PHC elements by The Kenyan government: Mental health Dental health Community based rehabilitation Malaria control STI and HIV/AIDS prevention and Control