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March 1, 2011 Institutional Programs Prison Programs: any structured activity that takes prisoners out of their cells Benefits of institutional programs (don’t need to know) o Help manage time o Improve inmates’ lives o Improve likelihood of parole o Reduce inmate boredom, tension, hostility o Maintain safety and security of prison o Produce goods and services o Keep prison functional and operating o Offer incentives for good behavior 5 Types of Prison Programs o Rehabilitation Programs Increase likelihood inmates will lead a crime free life upon release. o Recreational Programs Provide organized social, physical, and intellectual leisure activities. Weight lifting, basketball, dominoes, television, cards. o Medical Programs Provide medical services to inmates. o Industrial Programs Production of sellable goods and services outside prison in free market. o Maintenance Programs Provide services essential to upkeep and operation of prison. Factors Limiting Potential prison Programs o Security Need to minimize weapons or contraband Also limits potential effectiveness of some programs o Principle of least eligibility
Belief that prisoners can’t have it better than citizens Example: elimination of inmate Pell grants o Classification Risk of escape Risk of violence Risk of future criminality Vocation Programs 1. Vocational Rehabilitation Designed to teach inmates cognitive and vocational skills to find and keep employment. Vocational training; obsolete equipment Inmates lack skills to get and keep jobs Punctuality, accountability, deference to supervisors, cordiality to co- workers, how to find a job, do interview. Civil Disabilities Barred occupations include (in some states) Nurse, barber, beautician, real estate, chauffeur, cashier, insurance salesman, stenographer, worker where alcoholic beverages are sold. o Prison Industry Programs Contract labor system Labor was sold to employers, who provided the machinery and materials. Piece price system Contractor provided materials and agreed to purchase goods (made my inmates) at a set price. Lease system Contractor maintained the prisoners (outside of the prison), providing them with food and clothing. Public account system Prison bought materials then the inmates manufactures a product
o Entering Treatment Offenders enter correctional treatment programs in several ways. First, judges can mandate. Second, identifies during the classification process. Third, inmates can enter a treatment program at their own request. The most used program is group counseling conducted by professionals or by peers in a self-help program. o Goals of Substance Abuse Programs Reducing or ending drug and alcohol use Substantially reducing violent behavior Reducing education or vocational deficiencies Obtaining legal employment Changing the individual’s values to be more conventional toward work, family and the law. o Therapeutic Community Model – has the best chance of success with hard-core drug abusers. Where individuals live in a highly structures sub-community with individuals with similar problems work to promote change and then offer a community-based aftercare program for graduates. Problems: High drop-out rates Expensive (long term) Co-occurring Disorders – individuals who use drugs/alcohol and also have a mental disorder o Traditional programs have not focused on treating the mentally ill 4. Religious Rehabilitation o Practice of religion is valuable for inmates o Legal and religious practices o The First Amendment protection, two requirements seem to emanate from the salient cases:
Beliefs is sincerely held; difficult to determine – no objective criteria, and Beliefs must be religious in nature A bona fide religious belief is found in a religion’s published theology and is associated with a particular religion. o Why inmates join religious groups? Inmates join religious groups for a variety of reasons, including the following: To gain direction, meaning, and hope away from a life of crime. Religion promotes a positive personal behavioral change. Requires inmates develop self-control; thus, avoid both staff and inmate confrontations. To feel safe in prison inmates need a group to protect them. Incarcerated for certain sex offenses and seeking escape from fear of attacks. May be the only place where inmates can socialize positively. To socialize negatively (contraband). Provides an opportunity to meet with civilian volunteers; men and women. Involvement in religion provides inmates access to special resources; including food and coffee, holiday greeting cards and books, musical instruments, and food privileges during certain religious holiday. May also gain opportunities for favors from faith representatives (e.g. phone access and letter of recommendation for parole hearing or transfer to another institution). March 10, 2011 5. Programs for Female Offenders o Separation from Family and Kids Sixty-five percent of women in prison have children under 18. Children placed in foster homes or with maternal grandparents
o Culture is indigenous to prisons o Culture is exogenous from outside world. Violence in Prison o In 2000, 49% of state prisoners committed violent offenses Bases of Inmate Violence o Age – youth, machismo, identity o Attitude – subculture of violence o Race – convict code, gangs Three main characteristics of prison violence: o Age – more likely to be aggressors and victims of prison violenve Older inmates are left alone Younger inmates lack ability to walk away. o Attitudes – lower class value system Tolerated, expected or required o Race – racist attitudes among inmates Causes of prison violence o Inadequate supervision by staff and inmate staff relations o Easy availability of deadly weapons o Housing dangerous and non dangerous inmates together o High level of tension caused by close quarters o Architectural design includiong size and condition Interpersonal violence – occurs between two or more individual inmates Collective violence – between and initiated by groups of inmates; includes riots and disturbances o Usually inmates against prison staff and administration Three categories of inmates who generally resort to violence: o Anti-social offenders who use violence to get what they want o Special needs offenders with physical or mental problems o Psychopathic offenders who are cold and predatory Aryan Brotherhood – swastika, AB, and three leaf clover, lightening bolts
o 14 = “We must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children”. o 88 = Heil Hitler o 311= KKK o 33/6= 11 times 3 (KKK) and the 6th^ era of the Klan o AKA = Antia Bakers; Amy Baker o 100% = pure and white bloodline o 4/11 = Waco and Oklahoma City Bombings o 4/20 = Hitler’s Birthday o 18= Adolf Hitler o 23 = white Mexican Mafia (MM, Eme), skull La Nuestra Familia – a sombrero and a dagger Texas Syndicate – T and S Black Guerilla Family – dragon, correctional officer, and watch tower Prison bars – represents time in prison Spider webs – represents doing time Tombstones – dead time in life Drama faces – happy life, sad life, play now, play later Butterfly – freedom Lightening bolts – if colored in, they killed someone (minority) Evil Clowns – the wearer Eight ball – bad luck No hands on clock – lost time in life spent in prisons Hour glass – time spent 10851 – auto theft Keyhole – freedom Teardrops – each drop = 3 years, driveby, you killed someone in drive by or lost someone that way Toe Tag – die young mentality
Served 4&1/2 years before being transferred and eventually o Angola Largest maximum security prison Louisiana State Penitentiary at Angola was opened in 1835 and is still located in Angola, Louisiana. Corn and Coybeans are the major crops that are harvested on 18000 acres of farmland Herd of 1500 cattle Prison newspaper o Atlanta Federal Penitentiary Was the largest cement mass in America until Hoover Dam was built in 1932 Opened in 1992 Can hold 25,000 inmates o Attica Located in Attica, New York 1971, 1300 prisoners staged rebellion that lasted 4 days Prisoners held 40 guards hostage while they gave their list of demands of better living. Negotiations lasted 7 days National Guard and State Police stormed the prison killing 43 inmatesd and 10 hostages. Inmates Mark David o the man who assassinated John Lennon, is currently incarcerated here o Born in Fortworth, Texas o The Catcher in the Rye (book he read) Kendall Francois o Killed 8 prostitutes from 1966 to 1988 and hid them in his attic and basement.
o Life without Parole Willie Sutton o Bank robber who robbed over 100 banks from 1920 - David Berkowitz o Son of Sam o Killed 6 people in Mew York Eastern State Penn Located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Opened in 1829 - Prisoners were isolates and forced to reflect on their crimes. Now a museum o Folsom State Prison Opened in 1880 in Represa, California Folsom can hold up to 7,246 inmates One of America’s first maximum security prisons, but is now a medium- security facility. Johnny Cash sang about this prison Folsom Prison Blues o Erik Menendez Serving life at Folsom for helping his brother kill their parents o Rick James Superfreak, in the 70’s served 2 years for assaulting a woman o Charles Manson Spent time at Folsom from 1972- o Johnny Cash Never an inmate Leavenworth o In Kansas o The walls of the prison extent 40 feet high and 40 feet below ground o Population = 1,
o Phrase “up the river” refers to prisoner being sent up the Hudson from NY to Sing Sing o 1953, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were put to death at Sing Sing for espionage during the Cold War o Albert Fish, a serial killer and cannibal Wall Unit o In texas o Was the only prison in the 11 confederate states still standing after the civil war o Executions not held at the walls, or it was but wasn’t waited there Supermax Prisons o Reserved for inmates who have extensive records of misconduct o Extremely strict control, including use of solitary confinement o Florence, Colorado were Mexican Mafia leader Ruben Nite Owl Castro is incarcerated. o Al-Qaeda terrorist Zacarias Moussaaoui was sentenced to life without parole at Florence upon his conviction on May, 2006. o Professor Theodore Kaczynski, (Unabomber) who attacked via mail bombs. o Robert Hanssen, American FBI Agent turned Soviet Spy o Terry Nichols an accomplice to the Oklahoma City Bombing o Eric Rudolph – Atlantic Olympic Bomber o Ramzi Yousef, who led the first WTC attack Supermax in US o Started in 1983 o Developed from the permanent lockdown at Marion, Illinois Two officers were murdered during separate incidents on the same day Lock down lasted 23 years until September 2006 Longest Lockdown in American History o 35 states have super max prisons Different forms, variations o There is an national move away from the supermax facilities
o Most inmates exercise alone (not by choice) o 23 of 24 hour lockdown. o 1 hour to exercise o 3 minute showers o Rare face to face contact with family members Level one has no privileges o Must wear handcuffs and belly chain when out of cell Level two o Some television Level three o Some personal freedom What to do to go to Supermax o Institutional infractions o Attempting escape o 5 Riot o Assaulting staff o 16 Assaulting another inmate o 20 Murdering or attempted murder of fellow inmates o 18 Assault on fellow inmate o Escape attempt 10 o Judicial order 3 o Other 28 o What do prisoners say? o 60% claim direct experience with excessive force o 63% reported use of excessive pepper spray instead of restraints o 76% report psychological harassment o 58% say psychological needs were unmet o 58% report medical need were unmet
