Statistics Lecture 1: Introduction and Descriptive Statistics, Lecture notes of Statistics

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LECTURE 1

INTRODUCTION &

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS I

PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

Adapted from http://www.prenhall.com/mcclave

OUTLINE

1. Introduce Course Objectives and Requirements
2. Introduce Statistics and its Applications
3. Describe Types of Data, Ways of Collecting Data
4. Introduce Graphical Methods for Describing Data of 1 variable

COURSE OUTLINE

• Read your course outline carefully. It contains important information regarding the course schedule, assessment, etc.
• Assessment: Attendance (10%), Project (20%), Midterm (20%)
• Eligibility for final exam: follow faculty regulations

STUDY MATERIALS

 Study materials: lecture notes, required readings, tutorial exercises, etc.  Please note that the materials will be posted and/or updated on Google classroom.  Google classroom is important for class management, notifications, handling questions, study materials, etc.

WHAT IS STATISTICS?

1. Collecting Data

2. Presenting Data

3. Characterizing Data

4. Other activities:

estimation,

hypothesis testing…

Question?

Data

Analysis

Decision-

Making

© 1984-1994 T/Maker Co. © 1984-1994 T/Maker Co.

WHAT IS STATISTICS?

• Data: facts and figures collected
• Statistics is the science of data. It involves collecting, classifying, summarizing, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

1. Involves  Summarizing Data  Presenting Data  Looking for patterns in data 2. Purpose  Describe Data

X = 30.5 S

2

Source: https://chartio.com/learn/charts/grouped-bar-chart-complete-guide/

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

1. Involves  Estimation  Hypothesis Testing  …
2. Purpose  Make Decisions About Population Characteristics Population?

BASIC DEFINITIONS AND

CONCEPTS

1. Population: is a set of ALL units (usually people, objects, or events) that we are interested in studying Example:
2. Variable: is a characteristic or property of an individual population unit. A variable can take on different values. Example:

BASIC DEFINITIONS AND

CONCEPTS (CONT.)

3. Sample: is a subset of the units of a population Example:
4. Measurement: assigning numbers to objects
5. Observation:

DATA TYPES

• Why data types are important?
• Basic types of data:  Quantitative (numerical) versus Qualitative (categorical)
• Examples
• Are there numbers that are not quantitative?

SCALES OF MEASUREMENT

Ratio

Interval

Ordinal

Nominal

Quantitative Qualitative

APPLICATION AREAS

Economics

Forecasting

Demographics

Engineering

Construction

Materials

Business

Consumer

Preferences

Financial Trends

Many other areas

Research,

Information

Technology,

Psychology, etc.

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Graphical

Methods

Numerical

Methods

Descriptive Statistics

We will now explore graphical methods